Methods for Synthesizing Nucleotide Analogues with Disulfide Linkers

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods, compositions, mixtures and kits utilizing deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a  3 ′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group and a detectable label reversibly connected to the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside. Such compounds provide new possibilities for future sequencing technologies, including but not limited to Sequencing by Synthesis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 62/251,884 filed Nov. 6, 2015 and 62/327,555 filed Apr. 26, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods, compositions, mixtures and kits utilizing deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group and a detectable label reversibly connected to the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside. Such compounds provide new possibilities for future sequencing technologies, including but not limited to Sequencing by Synthesis.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

DNA sequencing is one of the most important analytical methods in modern biotechnology. Detailed reviews on current sequencing technologies are provided in M. L Metzker, Nature Reviews 2010, 11, 31 [1], and C. W. Fuller et al., Nature Biotechnology 2009, 27, 1013 [2].

A well-known sequencing method is the Sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) method. According to this method, the nucleoside triphosphates are reversibly blocked by a 3′OH-protecting group, in particular esters and ethers. Examples for esters are alkanoic esters like acetyl, phosphates and carbonates. The nucleoside triphosphate usually comprises a label at the base.

A method of enzymatically synthesizing a polynucleotide of a predetermined sequence in a stepwise manner using reversibly 3′OH-blocked nucleoside triphosphates was described by Hiatt and Rose (U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,300) [3]. They disclose besides esters, ethers, carbonitriles, phosphates, phosphoramides, carbonates, carbamates, borates, sugars, phosphoramidates, phenylsulfenates, sulfates and sulfones also nitrates as cleavable 3′OH-protecting group. The deprotection may be carried out by chemical or enzymatic means. There are neither synthesis procedures nor deprotection conditions and enzymatic incorporation data disclosed for the nitrate group. The claimed deblocking solution preferably contains divalent cations like Co2+ and a biological buffer like Tris. 3′OH-blocked nucleoside triphosphates containing a label are not disclosed.

Buzby (US 2007-0117104) [4] discloses nucleoside triphosphates for SBS which are reversibly protected at the 3′-hydroxyl group and carry a label at the base. The label is connected via a cleavable linker such as a disulfide linker or a photocleavable linker. The linker consists of up to about 25 atoms. The 3′OH-protection group can be besides hydroxylamines, aldehydes, allylamines, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, amines, aryls, esters, ethers, carbonitriles, phosphates, carbonates, carbamates, borates, sugars, phosphoramidates, phenylsulfanates, sulfates, sulfones and heterocycles also nitrates.

What is needed in order to achieve longer read length and better accuracy in nucleic acid sequencing is a nucleotide analogue with a cleavable protecting group and a cleavable linker which do not leave reactive residues after cleavage [5].

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods, compositions, mixtures and kits utilizing deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group and a delectable label reversibly connected to the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a nucleotide analogue with a reversible protecting group comprising methylenedisulfide and a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase. Such compounds provide new possibilities for future sequencing technologies, including but not limited to Sequencing by Synthesis.

In terms of mixtures, the present invention in one embodiment contemplates deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase and a 3′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group in mixtures with one or more additional sequencing reagents, including but not limited to buffers, polymerases, primers, template and the like. In terms of kits, the present invention contemplates in one embodiment a sequencing kit where sequencing reagents are provided together in separate containers (or in mixtures), including deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group, along with (optionally) instructions for using such reagents in sequencing. It is not intended that the present invention be limited by the number or nature of sequencing reagents in the kit. In one embodiment, the kit comprises one or more additional sequencing reagents, including but not limited to buffers, polymerases, primers and the like.

It is not intended that the present invention be limited to any particular polymerase. The present invention contemplates engineered (e.g. mutated) polymerases with enhanced incorporation of nucleotide derivatives. For example, Tabor, S, and Richardson, C. C. ((1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci (USA) 92:6339 [6]) describe the replacement of phenylalanine 667 with tyrosine in T. aquaticus DNA polymerase and the effects this has on discrimination of dideoxynucleotides by the DNA polymerase. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates polymerases that lack 3′-5′ exonuclease activity (designated exo-). For example, an exo-variant of 9°N polymerase is described by Perler et al. 1998 U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,334 [7] and by Southworth et al., 1996 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 93:5281 [8]. Another polymerase example is an A486Y variant of Pfu DNA polymerase (Evans et al., 2000. Nucl. Acids. Res. 28:1059 [9]). Another example is an A485T variant of Tsp JDF-3 DNA polymerase (Arezi et al., 2002. J. Mol. Biol. 322:719 [10]). WO 2005/024010 A1 relates to the modification of the motif A region and to the 9°N DNA polymerase., hereby incorporated by reference [11].

In terms of methods, the present invention contemplates both methods to synthesize deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase and a 3′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group, as well as methods to utilize deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to (a) nucleoside triphosphates with 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide (e.g. of the general formula —CH₂—SS—R) as cleavable protecting group; and (b) their labeled analogs, where labels are attached to the nucleobases via cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker (—OCH₂—SS—) (although the linker may contain additional groups). Such nucleotides can be used in nucleic acid sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technologies. In one embodiment, the invention relates to the synthesis of nucleotides 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide (e.g. —CH₂—SS—R) as cleavable protecting group, the deprotection conditions or enzymatic incorporation.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase and a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group. In one embodiment the nucleobase of said nucleoside is non-natural. In one embodiment, the non-natural nucleobase of said nucleoside is selected from the group comprising 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino,7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In one embodiment, said group comprising methylenedisulfide is —CH₂—SS—R, wherein R is selected from the group comprising alkyl and substituted alkyl groups. In one embodiment, said detectable label is attached to said nucleobase via cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker (e.g. of the formula —OCH₂—SS—). In one embodiment, said detectable label is a fluorescent label. In one embodiment, R in the formula (—CH₂—S—S—R) could be alkyl or allyl.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein B is a nucleobase and R is selected from the group comprising alkyl and substituted alkyl groups. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a natural nucleobase (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine and uracil). In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase selected from the group comprising 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In the case of analogs, the detectable label may also include a linker section between the nucleobase and said detectable label.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein B is a nucleobase, R is selected from the group comprising alkyl and substituted alkyl groups, and L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a natural nucleobase analog. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase analog selected from the group comprising 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In the case of analogs, the detectable label may also include a linker section between the nucleobase and said detectable label. In one embodiment, L₁ and L₂ are independently selected from the group comprising —CO—, —CONH—, —NHCONH—, —O—, —S—, —ON, and —N═N—, alkyl, aryl, branched alkyl, branched aryl or combinations thereof. It is preferred that L₂ not be “—S—.” In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates L₁ to be either an amine on the base or a hydroxyl on the base. In one embodiment, said label is selected from the group consisting of fluorophore dyes, energy transfer dyes, mass-tags, biotin, and haptenes. In one embodiment, said label is a detectable label.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein D is selected from the group consisting of disulfide allyl, and disulfide substituted allyl groups; B is a nucleobase; A is an attachment group; C is a cleavable site core; L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups; and Label is a label (e.g. a detectable moiety).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein D is selected from the group consisting of an azide, disulfide alkyl, disulfide substituted alkyl groups; B is a nucleobase; A is an attachment group; C is a cleavable site core; L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups; and Label is a label. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase analog selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In one embodiment, said attachment group A is chemical group selected from the group consisting of propargyl, hydroxymethyl, exocyclic amine, propargyl amine, and propargyl hydroxyl. In one embodiment, said cleavable site core is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected alkyl groups. In one embodiment, L₁ is selected from the group consisting of —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO—O(CH₂)_(x)—, —CONH—(OCH₂CH₂O)_(x)—, —CO—O(CH₂CH₂O)_(x)-, and —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, L₂ is selected from the group consisting of —NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —(CH₂)_(x)OCONH(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)CONH(CH₂CH₂O)_(y)(CH₂)_(z)NH—, and —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x, y, and z are each independently selected from is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, said label is selected from the group consisting of fluorophore dyes, energy transfer dyes, mass-tags, biotin, and haptenes. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

wherein said label is a dye. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound as the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein B is a nucleobase.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a kit comprising one or more sequencing reagents (e.g. a DNA polymerase) and at least one deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a natural nucleobase analog. In one embodiment, the nucleobase of said nucleoside is non-natural. In one embodiment, the non-natural nucleobase of said nucleoside is selected from the group comprising 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine.

The present invention also contemplates mixtures, i.e. at least one deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group in a mixture with one or more additional reagents (whether dry or in solution). In one embodiment, the invention relates to a reaction mixture comprising a nucleic acid template with a primer hybridized to said template, a DNA polymerase, and at least one deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a nucleobase, a label and a sugar, a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, said sugar comprising a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group, wherein said nucleoside further comprises a detectable label covalently bound to the nucleobase of said nucleoside.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of performing a DNA synthesis reaction comprising the steps of a) providing a reaction mixture comprising a nucleic acid template with a primer hybridized to said template, a DNA polymerase, at least one deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, with a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group, and b) subjecting said reaction mixture to conditions which enable a DNA polymerase catalyzed primer extension reaction. This permits incorporation of at least one deoxynucleoside triphosphate (comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, with a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group) into the bound primer. In one embodiment, said DNA polymerase catalyzed primer extension reaction is part of a sequencing reaction (e.g. SBS). In one embodiment, said detectable label is removed from said nucleobase by exposure to a reducing agent. It is not intended that the invention is limited to one type of reducing agent. Any suitable reducing agent capable of reducing disulfide bonds can be used to practice the present invention. In one embodiment the reducing agent is phosphine [12], for example, triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine, trihydroxymethyl phosphine, trihydroxypropyl phosphine, tris carboethoxy-phosphine (TCEP) [13, 14]. In one embodiment, said reducing agent is TCEP. In one embodiment, said detectable label and 3′-OCH2-SS—R group are removed from said nucleobase by exposure to compounds carrying a thiol group [15] so as to perform cleavage of dithio-based linkers and terminating (protecting) groups, such thiol-containing compounds including (but not limited to) cysteine, cysteamine, dithio-succinic acid, dithiothreitol 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt, dithiobutylamine [16], meso-2,5-dimercapto-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyladipamide, 2-mercapto-ethane sulfonate, and N,N′-dimethyl, N,N′-bis(mercaptoacetyl)-hydrazine [17]. Reactions can be further catalyzed by inclusion of selenols [18]. In addition borohydrides, such as sodium borohydrides can also be used for this purpose [19] (as well as ascorbic acid [20]. In addition, enzymatic methods for cleavage of disulfide bonds are also known such as disulfide and thioreductase and can be used with compounds of the present invention [21].

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for analyzing a DNA sequence comprising the steps of a) providing a reaction mixture comprising nucleic acid template with a primer hybridized to said template forming a primer/template hybridization complex, b) adding DNA polymerase, and a first deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a nucleobase, a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, with a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as cleavable protecting group, c) subjecting said reaction mixture to conditions which enable a DNA polymerase catalyzed primer extension reaction so as to create a modified primer/template hybridization complex, and d) detecting said first detectable label of said deoxynucleoside triphosphate in said modified primer/template hybridization complex. In one embodiment, the detecting allows one to determine which type of analogue (A, T, G, C or U) has been incorporated. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of e) removing said cleavable protecting group and optionally said delectable label from said modified primer/template hybridization complex, and f) repeating steps b) to e) at least once (and typically repeating these steps many times, e.g. 10-200 times). In one embodiment, the cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide-containing linker is hydrophobic and has a logP value of greater than 0. In one embodiment, the cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide-containing linker is hydrophobic and has a logP value of greater than 0.1. In one embodiment, the cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide-containing linker is hydrophobic and has a logP value of greater than 1.0. In one embodiment, the method further comprises adding a second deoxynucleoside triphosphate is added during repeat of step b), wherein said second deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprises a second detectable label, wherein said second detectible label is different from said first detectible label. In one embodiment, the nucleobase of said second deoxynucleoside triphosphate is different from the nucleobase of said first deoxynucleoside triphosphate. In one embodiment, a mixture of at least 4 differently labeled, 3′-O methylenedisulfide capped deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds representing analogs of A, G, C and T or U are used in step b). In one embodiment, said mixture of at least 4 differently labeled, 3′-O methylenedisulfide capped deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds with the structures:

are used in step b). In one embodiment, said mixture further comprises unlabeled 3′-O methylenedisulfide capped deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds such as those with the structures:

also used in step b). In one embodiment, step e) is performed by exposing said modified primer/template hybridization complex to a reducing agent. In one embodiment, said reducing agent is TCEP. In one embodiment, said detectable label is removed from said nucleobase by exposure to compounds carrying a thiol group so as to perform cleavage of dithio-based linkers and terminating (protecting) groups, such thiol-containing compounds including (but not limited to) cysteine, cysteamine, dithio-succinic acid, dithiothreitol, 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt, dithiobutylamine, meso-2,5-dimercapto-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyladipamide, 2-mercapto-ethane sulfonate, and N,N′-dimethyl, N,N′-bis(mercaptoacetyl)-hydrazine.

It is not intended that the present invention be limited to a particular sequencing platform. However, a preferred instrument is QIAGEN's GeneReader DNA sequencing system (GR). In one embodiment, a DNA sequence is determined by a method of sequencing by synthesis (SBS). In one embodiment, each cycle of sequencing consists of eight steps: extension 1, extension 2, wash 1, addition imaging solution, imaging, wash 2, cleave, and wash 3. Data collected during imaging cycles is processed by analysis software yielding error rates, throughput values, and applied phasing correction values.

It is contemplated that the same or similar method could improve the performance of other SBS platforms in general (i.e. any sequencing-by-synthesis methods that operate under similar conditions), as well as specific SBS platforms, such as HiSeq and miSeq platforms from Illumina; Roche 454; the Ion Torrent PGM and Proton platforms; and the PacificBio platform.

It is not intended that the present invention be limited to only one type of sequencing. In one embodiment, said deoxynucleoside triphosphate (comprising a nucleobase, a label and a sugar, a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, said sugar comprising a 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as cleavable protecting group) may be used in pyrosequencing.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a deoxynucleoside triphosphate comprising a nucleobase and a sugar, said nucleobase comprising a detectable label attached via a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker, said sugar comprising a 3′-O capped by a group comprising a methylenedisulfide group as a cleavable protecting group. In one embodiment, said nucleoside is in a mixture with a polymerase (or some other sequencing reagent). In one embodiment, the nucleobase of said nucleoside is non-natural. In one embodiment, the non-natural nucleobase of said nucleoside is selected from the group comprising 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In one embodiment, said group comprising a methylenedisulfide group is of the formula —CH₂—SS—R, wherein R is selected from the group comprising alkyl and substituted alkyl groups. In one embodiment, said mixture further comprises a primer. In one embodiment, said primer is hybridized to nucleic acid template. In one embodiment, said detectable label is a fluorescent label. In one embodiment, said nucleic acid template is immobilized (e.g. in a well, channel or other structure, or alternatively on a bead).

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of preparing a 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, comprising: a) providing a 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, wherein said 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside comprises a nucleobase and a sugar, and ii) a methylthiomethyl donor; and b) treating said 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside under conditions so as to create a 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside. In one embodiment, said methylthiomethyl donor is DMSO. In one embodiment, said conditions comprise acidic conditions. In one embodiment, said 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside comprises a protecting group on the nucleobase of said nucleoside. In one embodiment, said 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside is purified with column chromatography.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of preparing a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, comprising: a) providing i) a 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, and ii) R—SH, wherein R comprises alkyl or substituted alkyl; and b) treating said 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside under conditions so as to create a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl) -2′-deoxynucleoside. In one embodiment, said R—SH is ethanethiol. In one embodiment, said conditions comprise basic conditions.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of preparing a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, comprising: a) providing a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside; and b) treating said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside under conditions so as to create a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside. In one embodiment, said conditions comprise exposing said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside to NH₄F.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of preparing a triphosphate of 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, comprising: a) providing a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside; and b) treating said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside under conditions so as to create a triphosphate of 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside. In one embodiment, said conditions comprises exposing said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside to (MeO)₃PO with POCl₃ and Bu₃N. In one embodiment, said method further comprises step c) removal of said nucleobase protecting group. In one embodiment, said protecting group comprises a N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl protecting group. In one embodiment, said N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl protecting group is removed by solvolysis to produce a 5′-O-(triphosphate)-3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5-(aminopropargyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a compound wherein the structure is:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure;

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl groups, allyl, substituted allyl; B is a nucleobase; A is an attachment group; C is a cleavable site core; L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups; and Label is a label. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase analog selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In one embodiment, said attachment group A is chemical group selected from the group consisting of propargyl, hydroxymethyl, exocyclic amine, propargyl amine, and propargyl hydroxyl. In one embodiment, said cleavable site core selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected alkyl groups. In one embodiment, wherein L₁ is selected from the group consisting of —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —COO(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, wherein L₂ is selected from the group consisting of —NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)OCONH(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(z)NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)OCONH(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(z)NH—, —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x, y, and z arc each independently selected from is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, said label is selected from the group consisting of fluorophore dyes, energy transfer dyes, mass-tags, biotin, and haptenes. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

wherein said label is a dye and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl groups, allyl, substituted allyl. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

wherein said label is a dye.

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein D is selected from the group consisting of an azide (—N₃), disulfide alkyl (—SS—R) and disulfide substituted alkyl groups, B is a nucleobase, A is an attachment group, C is a cleavable site core, L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups, and Label is a label. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a natural nucleobase. In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase analog selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In one embodiment, said attachment group (A) is chemical group selected from the group consisting of propargyl, hydroxymethyl, exocyclic amine, propargyl amine, and propargyl hydroxyl. In one embodiment, said cleavable (C) site core selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected alkyl groups. In one embodiment, said cleavable site core selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected alkyl groups. In one embodiment, L₁ is selected from the group consisting of —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO—O(CH₂)_(x)—, —CONH—(OCH₂CH₂O)_(x)—, —CO—O(CH₂CH₂O)_(x)—, and —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x is 0-100. In some embodiments, x is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, L₂ is selected from the group consisting of

—NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —(CH)_(x)OCONH(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(z)NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)CONH(CH₂CH₂O)_(y)(CH₂)_(z)NH—, and —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x, y, and z are each independently selected from is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, L₂ is selected from the group consisting of —NH—, —(CH₂)_(x)—NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)NH—, —C(Me)₂(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —CH(Me)(CH₂)_(x)CO—, —(CH₂)_(x)OCONH(CH₂)_(y)O(CH₂)_(z)NH—, and —CONH(CH₂)_(x)—, —CO(CH₂)_(x)—, wherein x, y, and z are each independently selected from is 0-100. In one embodiment, x, y, and z are each independently selected from is 0-10, but more preferably from 1-6. In one embodiment, said label is selected from the group consisting of fluorophore dyes, energy transfer dyes, mass-tags, biotin, and haptenes. In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels In the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the compound has the following structure (while a particular nucleobase and label are shown below, other analogous nucleotide counterparts are contemplated, i.e. any of the various labels in the specification and figures could be substituted, and the nucleobase could be different):

In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates unlabeled compounds. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl groups, allyl, substituted allyl; and B is a nucleobase. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure (again B is a nucleobase):

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure:

In one embodiment, said nucleobase is a non-natural nucleobase analog selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of synthesizing 3′-OCH₂—SSMe nucleotide analogs using 3′-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol nucleoside as intermediate, and DMTSF and dimethyldisulfide as sulfur source shown in FIG. 43.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate according to the following structure:

wherein D is selected from the group consisting of an azide, disulfide alkyl, disulfide substituted alkyl groups, disulfide allyl, and disulfide substituted allyl groups; B is a nucleobase; Linker comprises a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide-containing site core. In one embodiment, said cleavable site core is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected alkyl groups; and Label is a label. In one embodiment, said Linker is hydrophobic. In one embodiment, said Linker has a logP value of greater than 0. In one embodiment, said Linker has a logP value of greater than 0.1. In one embodiment, said Linker has a logP value of greater than 0.5. In one embodiment, said Linker has a logP value of greater than 1.0.

Definitions

To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. Terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims.

As used herein, “hydrogen” means —H; “hydroxy” means —OH; “oxo” means ═O; “halo” means independently —F, —Cl, —Br or —I; “amino” means —NH₂ (see below for definitions of groups containing the term amino, e.g., alkylamino); “hydroxyamino” means —NHOH; “nitro” means —NO₂; “imino” means ═NH (see below for definitions of groups containing the term imino, e.g., alkylamino); “cyano” means —CN; “azido” means —N₃; “mercapto” means —SH; “thio” means ═S; “sulfonamido” means —NHS(O)₂— (see below for definitions of groups containing the term sulfonamido, e.g., alkylsulfonamido); “sulfonyl” means —S(O)₂— (see below for definitions of groups containing the term sulfonyl, e.g., alkylsulfonyl); and “silyl” means —SiH₃ (see below for definitions of group(s) containing the term silyl, e.g., alkylsilyl).

As used herein, “methylene” means a chemical species in which a carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. The —CH₂— group is considered to be the standard methylene group. Methylene groups in a chain or ring contribute to its size and lipophilicity. In this context dideoxy also refers the methylene groups. In particular a 2,3-dideoxy compound is the same as 2,3-methylene (2,3-methylene-glycoside=2,3-dideoxy-glycoside).

For the groups below, the following parenthetical subscripts further define the groups as follows: “(C_(n))” defines the exact number (n) of carbon atoms in the group; “(C≤n)” defines the maximum number (n) of carbon atoms that can be in the group; (C_(n-n′)) defines both the minimum (n) and maximum number (n′) of carbon atoms in the group. For example, “alkoxy(C_(x)” designates those alkoxy groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or any range derivable therein (e.g., 3-10 carbon atoms)). Similarly, “alkyl(C₂” designates those alkyl groups having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or any range derivable therein (e.g., 3-10 carbon atoms)).

The term “alkyl” when used without the “substituted” modifier refers to a non-aromatic monovalent group with a saturated carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and no atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. The groups, —CH₃ (Me), —CH₂CH₃ (Et), —CH₂CH₂CH₃ (n-Pr), —CH(CH₃)₂ (iso-Pr or i-Pr), —CH(CH₂)₂ (cyclopropyl), —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ (n-Bu), —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃ (sec-butyl or sec-Bu), —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ (iso-butyl or i-Bu), —C(CH₃)₃ (tert-butyl or t-Bu), —CH₂C(CH₃)₃ (neo-pentyl), cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl are non-limiting examples of alkyl groups. The term “substituted alkyl” refers to a non-aromatic monovalent group with a saturated carbon atom as the point of attachment, a linear or branched, cyclo, cyclic or acyclic structure, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, and at least one atom independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, Si, P, and S. The following groups are non-limiting examples of substituted alkyl groups: —CH₂OH, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂SH, —CF₃, —CH₂CN, —CH₂C(O)H, —CH₂C(O)OH, —CH₂C(O)OCH₃, —CH₂C(O)NH₂, —CH₂C(O)NHCH₃, —CH₂C(O)CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CF₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂OH, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂CH₂NHCO₂C(CH₃)₃, and —CH₂Si(CH₃)₃.

The terms “cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker” and “cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide-containing linker” are meant to indicate that the linker comprises an oxymethylenedisulfide group, and are not to be considered limited to only an oxymethylenedisulfide group, but rather linkers that may contain more than just that group, for example as seen in the compounds in FIG. 25. Similarly, the terms “oxymethylenedisulfide site core” and “oxymethylenedisulfide-containing site core” are meant to indicate that the site core comprises an oxymethylenedisulfide group, and are not to be considered limited to only an oxymethylenedisulfide group, hut rather site cores that may contain more than just that group.

The term “nucleic acid” generally refers to both DNA or RNA, whether it is a product of amplification, synthetically created, products of reverse transcription of RNA or naturally occurring. Typically, nucleic acids are single- or double-stranded molecules and are composed of naturally occurring nucleotides. Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules can have 3′- or 5′-overhangs and as such are not required or assumed to be completely double-stranded over their entire length. Furthermore, the nucleic acid can be composed of non-naturally occurring nucleotides and/or modifications to naturally occurring nucleotides. Examples are listed herein, but are not limited to: phosphorylation of 5′ or 3′ nucleotides to allow for ligation or prevention of exonuclease degradation/polymerase extension, respectively; amino, thiol, alkyne, or biotinyl modifications for covalent and near covalent attachments; fluorophores and quenchers; phosphorothioate, methylphosphonates, phosphoroamidates and phosphotriester linkages between nucleotides to prevent degradation; methylation; and modified bases or nucleosides such as deoxy-inosine, 5-bromo-dU, 2′-deoxy-uridine, 2-aminopurine, 2′,3′-dideoxy-cytidine, 5-methyl-dC, locked nucleic acids (LNA's), iso-dC and -dG bases, 2′-O-methyl RNA bases and fluorine modified nucleosides.

In some of the methods contemplated herein, primers are at least partially complementary to at least a portion of template to be sequenced. The term “complementary” generally refers to the ability to form favorable thermodynamic stability and specific pairing between the bases of two nucleotides (e.g. A with T) at an appropriate temperature and ionic buffer conditions. This pairing is dependent on the hydrogen bonding properties of each nucleotide. The most fundamental examples of this are the hydrogen bond pairs between thymine/adenine and cytosine/guanine bases. In the present invention, primers for amplification of target nucleic acids can be both fully complementary over their entire length with a target nucleic acid molecule or “semi-complementary” wherein the primer contains an additional, non-complementary sequence minimally capable or incapable of hybridization to the target nucleic acid.

The term “hybridize” generally refers to the base-pairing between different nucleic acid molecules consistent with their nucleotide sequences. The terms “hybridize” and “anneal” can be used interchangeably.

The term “oligonucleotide” generally refers to a nucleic acid sequence typically designed to be single-stranded DNA and less than 75 nucleotides in length.

The term “primer” generally refers to an oligonucleotide that is able to anneal, or hybridize, to a nucleic acid sequence and allow for extension under sufficient conditions (buffer, dNTP's, polymerase, mono- and divalent salts, temperature, etc. . . . ) of the nucleic acid to which the primer is complementary.

The terms “template nucleic acid”, “template molecule”, “target nucleic acid”, and “target molecule” can be used interchangeably and refer to a nucleic acid molecule that is the subject of an amplification reaction that may optionally be interrogated by a sequencing reaction in order to derive its sequence information. The template nucleic acid may be a nucleic acid which has been generated by a clonal amplification method and which may be immobilized on a solid surface, i.e. immobilized on beads or an array.

The term “nucleoside” refers to a compound consisting of a base linked to the C-1′ carbon of a sugar, for example, ribose or deoxyribose. The base portion of the nucleoside is usually a heterocyclic base, e.g., a purine or pyrimidine.

The term “nucleotide” refers to a phosphate ester of a nucleoside, as a monomer unit or within a polynucleotide. “Nucleoside 5′-triphosphate” refers to a nucleotide with a triphosphate ester group attached to the sugar 5′-carbon position, and is sometimes denoted as “NTP”, “dNTP” (2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphate or deoxynucleoside triphosphate) and “ddNTP” (2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside triphosphate or dideoxynucleoside triphosphate). “Nucleoside 5′-tetraphosphate” refers to an alternative activated nucleotide with a tetraphosphate ester group attached to the sugar 5′-carbon position. PA-nueleotide refers to a propargyl analogue.

The term “protecting group,” as that term is used in the specification and/or claims, is used in the conventional chemical sense as a group, which reversibly renders unreactive a functional group under certain conditions of a desired reaction and is understood not to be H. After the desired reaction, protecting groups may be removed to deprotect the protected functional group. In a preferred embodiment, all protecting groups should be removable (and hence, labile) under conditions which do not degrade a substantial proportion of the molecules being synthesized. A protecting group may also be referred to as a “capping group” or a “blocking group” or a “cleavable protecting group.” It should be noted that, for convenience, the functionality protected by the protecting group may also be shown or referred to as part of the protecting group. In the context of the nucleotide derivatives described herein, a protecting group is used on the 3′ position. It is not intended that the present invention be limited by the nature or chemistry of this protecting group on the reversibly terminating nucleotides used in sequencing. A variety of protecting groups is contemplated for this purpose, including but not limited to: 3-O-azidomethyl nucleotides, 3′-O-aminoxy nucleotides, 3-O-allyl nucleotides; and disulfide nucleotides, 3-O-azidoalkyl, 3′-O-dithiomethyl alkyl, 3′-O-dithiomethyl aryl, 3′-O-acetyl, 3′-O-carbazate, 3′-O-alkyl ether, 3′-O-alkyl ester, 3′-O-aldoxime (—O—N═CH—R), 3′-O-ketoxime (—O—N═C(R, R′)).

One embodiment of the present invention contemplates attaching markers directly on the 3′-OH function of the nucleotide via functionalization of the protective groups.

The term “label” or “detectable label” in its broadest sense refers to any moiety or property that is detectable, or allows the detection of that which is associated with it. For example, a nucleotide, oligo- or polynucleotide that comprises a label is detectable. Ideally, a labeled oligo- or polynucleotide permits the detection of a hybridization complex, particularly after a labeled nucleotide has been incorporated by enzymatic means into said hybridization complex of a primer and a template nucleic acid. A label may be attached covalently or non-covalently to a nucleotide, oligo- or polynucleotide. In various aspects, a label can, alternatively or in combination: (i) provide a detectable signal; (ii) interact with a second label to modify the detectable signal provided by the second label, e.g., FRET; (iii) stabilize hybridization, e.g., duplex formation; (iv) confer a capture function, e.g., hydrophobic affinity antibody/antigen, ionic complexation, or (v) change a physical property, such as electrophoretic mobility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, solubility, or chromatographic behavior. Labels vary widely in their structures and their mechanisms of action. Examples of labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescent labels, non-fluorescent labels, colorimetric labels, chemiluminescent labels, bioluminescent labels, radioactive labels, mass-modifying groups, antibodies, antigens, biotin, haptens, enzymes (including, e.g., peroxidase, phosphatase, etc.), and the like. To further illustrate, fluorescent labels may include dyes of the fluorescein family, dyes of the rhodamine family, dyes of the cyanine family, or a coumarine, an oxazine, a boradiazaindacene or any derivative thereof. Dyes of the fluorescein family include, e.g., FAM, HEX, TET, JOE, NAN and ZOE. Dyes of the rhodamine family include, e.g., Texas Red, ROX, R110, R6G, and TAMRA. FAM, HEX, TET, JOE, NAN, ZOE, ROX, R110, R6G, and TAMRA are commercially available from, e.g., Perkin-Elmer, Inc. (Wellesley, Mass., USA), Texas Red is commercially available from, e.g., Life Technologies (Molecular Probes, Inc.) (Grand Island, N.Y.). Dyes of the cyanine family include, e.g., CY2, CY3, CY5, CY5.5 and CY7, and are commercially available from, e.g., GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, N.J., USA).

The term “differently labeled,” as used herein, refers to the detectible label being a different label, rather than the label being found in a different position upon the labeled nucleoside nucleobase.

The term “analogs of A, G, C and T or U” refers to modified deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds, wherein the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside closely resembles the corresponding nucleoside Deoxyadenosine, Deoxyguanosine, Deoxycytidine, and Thymidine or Deoxyuridine. In the case of detectable labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds an analog of A or Deoxyadenosine would be represented as

although it is preferred that there be a linker between the nucleobase and the label. In the case of detectable labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds an analog of G or Deoxyguanosine would be represented as

although it is preferred that there be a linker between the nucleobase and the label. In the case of detectable labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds an analog of C or Deoxycytidine would be represented as

although it is preferred that there be a linker between the nucleobase and the label. In the case of detectable labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphate compounds an analog of T or U or Thymidine or Deoxyuridine would be represented as

although it is preferred that there be a linker between the nucleobase and the label. Additional nucleobase may include: non-natural nucleobase selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza guanine, 7-deaza adenine, 2-amino, 7-deaza adenine, and 2-amino adenine. In the case of analogs, the detectable label may also include a linker section between the nucleobase and said detectable label.

The term “TCEP” or “tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine)” refers to a reducing agent frequently used in biochemistry and molecular biology applications. It is often prepared and used as a hydrochloride salt (TCEP-HCl) with a molecular weight of 286.65 gram/mol. It is soluble in water and available as a stabilized solution at neutral pH and immobilized onto an agarose support to facilitate removal of the reducing agent. It is not intended that the invention is limited to one type of reducing agent. Any suitable reducing agent capable of reducing disulfide bonds can be used to practice the present invention. In one embodiment the reducing agent is phosphine [12], for example, triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine, trihydroxymethyl phosphine, trihydroxypropyl phosphine, tris carboethoxy-phosphine (TCEP) [13, 14]. It is not intended that the present invention be limited to the use of TCEP. In one embodiment, said detectable label and 3′-OCH2-SS—R group are removed from said nucleobase by exposure to compounds carrying a thiol group so as to perform cleavage of dithio-based linkers and terminating (protecting) groups, such thiol-containing compounds including (but not limited to) cysteine, cysteamine, dithio-succinic acid, dithiothreitol, 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt, dithiobutylamine, meso-2,5-dimercapto-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyladipamide, 2-mercapto-ethane sulfonate, and N,N′-dimethyl, N,N′-bis(mercaptoacetyl)-hydrazine [17]. Reactions can be further catalyzed by inclusion of selenols [18]. In addition borohydrides, such as sodium borohydrides can also be used for this purpose [19] (as well as ascorbic acid [20]. In addition, enzymatic methods for cleavage of disulfide bonds are also well known such as disulfide and thioreductase and can be used with compounds of the present invention [21].

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying figures, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate several embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The figures are only for the purpose of illustrating a preferred embodiment of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.

FIG. 1 shows examples of nucleoside triphosphates with 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide, where the R represents alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, n-butyl, or their analogs with substituent group containing hetero-atoms such as O, N, S etc.

FIG. 2 shows labeled analogs of nucleoside triphosphates with 3′-O methylenedisulfide-containing protecting group, where labels are attached to the nucleobase via cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker (—OCH₂—SS—). The analogs are (clockwise from the top left) for Deoxyadenosine, Thymidine or Deoxyuridine, Deoxycytidine and Deoxyguanosine.

FIG. 3 shows a step-wise mechanism of deprotection of the 3′-O protection group with a reducing agent, such as TCEP.

FIG. 4 shows the cleavage reactions products a traditional sulfide and oxymethylene sulfide linked labeled nucleotides.

FIG. 5 shows an example of the labeled nucleotides where the spacer of the cleavable linker includes the propargyl ether linker. The analogs are (clockwise from the top left) for Deoxyadenosine, Thymidine or Deoxyuridine, Deoxycytidine and Deoxyguanosine.

FIG. 6 shows an example of the labeled nucleotides where the spacer of the cleavable linker includes the propargylamine linker. The analogs are (clockwise from the top left) for Deoxyadenosine, Thymidine or Deoxyuridine, Deoxycytidine and Deoxyguanosine.

FIG. 7 shows an example of the labeled nucleotides where the spacer of the cleavable linker includes the methylene (—(CH₂)_(n)— directly attached to the nucleobases at 5- position for pyrimidine, and at 7-de-aza-carbon for purines. This linker may be methylene (n=1) or polymethylene (n>1) where after cleavage, the linker generates —(CH₂)_(n)OH group at the point of attachment on the nucleobases, and where the L₁ and L₂ represent spacers, and substituents R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are group of atoms that provide stability to the cleavable linker as described earlier. The analogs are (clockwise from the top left) for Deoxyadenosine, Thymidine or Deoxyuridine, Deoxycytidine and Deoxyguanosine.

FIG. 8 shows a synthesis of the unlabeled dT analog (compound 5).

FIG. 9 shows the synthesis of 3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-dCTP (10).

FIG. 10 shows a synthetic route of the labeled nucleotides specific for labeled dT intermediate.

FIG. 11 shows a cleavable linker synthesis starting from an 1,4-dutanediol.

FIG. 12 shows another variant of cleavable linker, where the stabilizing gem-dimethyl group is attached to α-carbon of the cleavable linker.

FIG. 13 shows the synthesis of a cleavable linker, where the disulfide is flanked by gem-dimethyl groups and attached to a flexible ethylene glycol linker (PEG). The linker is attached to the PA-nucleotide via carbamate group (—NH—C(═O)O—). The resulting nucleotide analogue in such case can be as in compound 35 (dUTP analogue).

FIG. 14 shows the synthesis of a cleavable linker for dATP analogue where the cleavable disulfide is flanked by gem-dimethyl group and the linker is attached to PA-nucleotide via urea group (—NH(C═O)NH—). For other nucleotide analogues (e.g. for analogues of dCTP, dGTP, dUTP) can be synthesized similarly replacing 42 by appropriate PA-analogues at the last step of the reaction sequence.

FIG. 15 shows the synthesis of a cleavable linker compound 45, where the linker is tethered to PA-nucleotides via urea functionality and the disulfide is connected to the dye by a two carbon linker. The resulting nucleotide analogue in such case can be as in compound 49(dGTP analogue). Other nucleotide analogues (e.g. analogues of dATP, dUTP, dCTP) can be synthesized similarly by replacing nucleotide 46 with appropriate PA-nucleotide analogues in the third step of the reaction sequence.

FIG. 16 shows that when labeled nucleotide 50 was exposed to 10 eq of TCEP at 65° C., it generated a number of side products including compound 52 along with the expected product 51.

FIG. 17 shows an LC-MS trace of the TCEP exposed product of compound 50, extracted at 292 nm (bottom) and 524 nm (top), analyzed after 5 minutes exposure, where peak at 11.08 min corresponds to compound 51, peak at 10.88 min to compound 52 and other peaks to side products.

FIG. 18 shows an LC-MS trace of the TCEP exposed product of compound 50, extracted at 292 nm (bottom) and 524 nm (top), analyzed after 15 minutes exposure; where peak at 11.32 min corresponds to compound 51 and other peaks to side products.

FIG. 19 shows that under identical cleavage conditions, the oxymethylenedisulfide linked nucleotide 35 cleanly produced the desired cleavage products, compounds 53 and 54. The methylene thiol segment (—CH₂SH) of the linker was fully eliminated from the nucleotide upon cleavage of the disulfide group

FIG. 20 shows an LC-MS trace of the TCEP exposed product of compound 35, extracted at 292 nm (bottom) and 524 nm (top), analyzed after 5 minutes exposure, where peak at 11.24 min corresponds to compound 53 and peak at 34.70 mm to compound 54.

FIG. 21 shows LC-MS trace of the TCEP exposed product of compound 35, extracted at 292 nm (bottom) and 524 nm (top), analyzed after 15 minutes exposure, where peak at 11.25 min corresponds to compound 53 and peak at 34.70 min to compound 54.

FIG. 22 shows the synthesis of 3′-OCH₂—SS-Me analogues with the replacement of mercaptoethanol (EtSH) by methanethiol or sodium thiomethoxide at the appropriate step, different from that of 3′-OCH₂—SS-Et (FIG. 10).

FIG. 23 shows the coupling of PA-nucleotide (e.g. 57) to the appropriate cleavable —OCH₂—SS— linkers, and finally to fluorophore dye using the activated linker 32.

FIG. 24 shows nucleotide analogues with different linker achieved, compounds 60 and 61.

FIG. 25 shows the structure of 4-nucleotide analogues labeled by different fluorophore reporting groups, where R=Me- or Et-.

FIG. 26 shows the structure of 4-nucleotide analogues labeled by different fluorophore reporting groups, where R=Me- or Et-group.

FIG. 27 shows the structure of 4-nucleotide analogues labeled by different fluorophore reporting groups, where R=Me- or Et-group.

FIG. 28 shows Generic universal building blocks structures comprising new cleavable linkers of present invention. PG=Protective Group, L1, L2—linkers (aliphatic, aromatic, mixed polarity straight chain or branched). RG=Reactive Group. In one embodiment of present invention such building blocks carry an Fmoc protective group on one end of the linker and reactive NHS carbonate or carbamate on the other end. This preferred combination is particularly useful in modified nucleotides synthesis comprising new cleavable linkers. A protective group should be removable under conditions compatible with nucleic acid/nucleotides chemistry and the reactive group should be selective. After reaction of the active NHS group on the linker with amine terminating nucleotide, an Fmoc group can be easily removed using base such as piperidine or ammonia, therefore exposing amine group at the terminal end of the linker for the attachment of cleavable marker. A library of compounds comprising variety of markers can be constructed this way very quickly.

FIG. 29 shows generic structure of nucleotides carrying cleavable marker attached via novel linker of present invention. S=sugar (i.e., ribose, deoxyribose), B=nucleobase, R=H or reversibly terminating group (protective group). Preferred reversibly terminating groups include but are not limited to: Azidomethyl (—CH₂N₃), Dithio-alkyl (—CH2-SS—R), aminoxy (—ONH₂).

FIG. 30 shows another generic structure for nucleotides carrying cleavable marker attached via the cleavable linker of present invention, wherein D is selected from the group comprising an azide, disulfide alkyl and disulfide substituted alkyl groups, B is a nucleobase, A is an attachment group, C is a cleavable site core, L₁ and L₂ are connecting groups, and Label is a label (in the compounds with a label).

FIG. 31 shows the chemical structures of compounds (L-series (96), B-series (97), (A-series, (98), and (G-series (99) family) tested in FIG. 32A-C.

FIG. 32A shows a time course of incorporation of 3′-O-azidomethyl Alexa488 labeled nucleotide analogs with various disulfide based cleavable linkers: L-Series (96), B-series (97), A-series (98), and G-series (99) family.

FIG. 32B shows reaction rates of incorporation for 3′-O-azidomethyl Alexa488 labeled nucleotide analogs with various disulfide based cleavable linkers: L-series (96), B-series (97), A-series (98), and G-series (99) family.

FIG. 32C shows reaction rates of incorporation for 3′-O-azidomethyl Alexa488 labeled nucleotide analogs with various disulfide based cleavable linkers: L-series (96), B-series (97), A-series (98), and G-series (99) family vs concentration of nucleotides.

FIG. 33 shows incorporation kinetics for the dA 3′-reversibly terminating nucleotides: —CH₂—N₃, —CH₂—SS-Et, —CH₂—SS-Me.

FIG. 34 shows incorporation kinetics of dC 3′-reversibly terminating nucleotide with 3′-O—CH2-SS-Et terminating group with 3 different DNA polymerases: T9, J5 and J8.

FIG. 35 shows optimized concentrations of nucleotides used in Extend A reactions on GR sequencer [nM].

FIG. 36 shows sequencing performance of A-series (98) nucleotides as measured by raw error rate.

FIG. 37 shows sequencing performance of A-series (98) nucleotides as measured by percentage of perfect (error free) reads.

FIG. 38 shows sequencing performance of A-series (98) nucleotides as measured by variety of sequencing metrics.

FIG. 39 shows sequencing performance of G-series (99) nucleotides as measured by raw error rate.

FIG. 40 shows sequencing performance of G-series (99) nucleotides as measured by percentage of perfect (error free) reads.

FIG. 41 shows identification of multiplex barcodes from sequencing runs containing 3′-O—CH₂—SS-Et nucleotides in ExtB and in both ExtB and A.

FIG. 42 shows a comparison of stability at elevated temperature in Extend A buffer of labeled, reversibly terminating dC with various cleavable linkers: B=B-series (97, 116, 117, and 118), G=G-series (99, 103, 104, and 105), A=A-series (98, 100, 101, and 102), and SS=L-series (96, 50, 106, and 115).

FIG. 43 shows a synthetic scheme illustrating the synthesis of compounds 63-67 from compound 62. The synthesis is described in Example 33, Example 34 and Example 35.

FIG. 44 shows a synthetic scheme illustrating the synthesis of compounds 69-71 and 119-129 from compound 68. The synthesis is described in Example 36, Example 37, and Example 38.

FIG. 45 shows complete chemical structures of four labeled nucleotides corresponding to dCTP, dTTP, dATP and dGTP from top to bottom (A-series, 98, 100, 101, and 102).

FIG. 46 shows complete chemical structures of four labeled nucleotides corresponding to dCTP, dTTP, dATP and dGTP from top to bottom (G-series, 103, 104, and 195).

FIG. 47 shows complete chemical structures of four labeled nucleotides corresponding to dCTP, dTTP, dATP and dGTP from top to bottom (L-series, 96, 50, 106, and 115).

FIG. 48 shows complete chemical structures of four labeled nucleotides corresponding to dCTP, dTTP, dATP and dGTP from top to bottom (B-series: compounds 97, 116, 117, and 118).

FIG. 49 shows example concentrations of nucleotides used in sequencing on GR instrument (labeled, compounds 72, 74, 76, 78) and non-labeled (compounds 120, 126, 132, 138), all carrying the —CH₂—SS-Me on their 3′ as reversibly terminating group.

FIG. 50 shows example of intensities generated in sequencing run on GR using novel nucleotides (labeled and non-labeled as in described for FIG. 49), all carrying the —CH₂—SS-Me).

FIG. 51 shows a series of non-linker examples of nucleoside triphosphates with 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide methyl.

FIG. 52 shows the structure of 4-nucleotide analogues labeled by different fluorophore reporting groups with 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide methyl.

FIG. 53 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of a synthesis of NHS activated form of common linker.

FIG. 54 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdATP.

FIG. 55 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdCTP.

FIG. 56 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdGTP.

FIG. 57 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdTTP.

FIG. 58 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdATP-PA.

FIG. 59 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of 76.

FIG. 60 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdCTP-PA.

FIG. 61 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of 72.

FIG. 62 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdGTP-PA.

FIG. 63 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdGTP-ARA-Cy5.

FIG. 64 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of MeSSdUTP-PA.

FIG. 65 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of 74.

FIG. 66 is a schematic that shows the structures of 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTPs.

FIG. 67 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of 3′-(OCH₂SSMe)-dNTPs from 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTPs.

FIG. 68 shows the key intermediates for the synthesis of 3′-(OCH₂SSMe)-dNTP-PAs.

FIG. 69 is a schematic that shows one embodiment of the synthesis of 3′-(OCH₂SSMe)-dNTP-PA from 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTP-PAs.

FIG. 70 is a schematic that shows linker installation and conjugation of fluorescent dye.

FIG. 71 shows structures of hydroxymethyl derivatives nucleobases derivatives that could be used to attach linkers and terminating groups of the present invention, R=reversibly terminating group, CL=cleavable linker of the present invention.

FIG. 72 shows structures of hydroxymethyl derivatives nucleobases derivatives after cleavage has been performed.

FIG. 73A-I shows examples of compounds carrying thiol, function that could be used to perform cleavage of dithio-based linkers and terminating groups of the present invention: FIG. 73A)—cysteamine, FIG. 73B)—dithio-succinic acid, FIG. 73C)—cysteamine, FIG. 73D)—dithiothreitol, FIG. 73E)—2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt, FIG. 73F)—dithiobutylamine, FIG. 73G)—meso-2,5-dimercapto-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyladipamide, FIG. 73H) 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate, FIG. 73I)—N,N′-dimethyl, N,N′-bis(mercaptoacetyl)-hydrazine.

FIG. 74A-C shows an example of selective and stepwise cleavage of linker and 3′-protective group-chemical structures and reaction scheme.

FIG. 75A-C shows an example of selective and stepwise cleavage of linker-chromatograms associated with each step of the cleavage.

FIG. 76 shows an example of selective and stepwise cleavage of linker-absorption spectar extracted from peaks corresponding to all steps of selective cleavage reactions.

FIG. 77 shows cleavage reaction scheme for nucleotide bearing dithio protecting group on the 3′ and ditho based linker.

FIG. 78A shows chromatograms of starting material and cleavage reaction mixtures analyzed by RP-HPLC after 10 minutes of incubation with cleave reagents: dithiosuccinic acid, L-cysteine, DTT and cysteamine.

FIG. 78B shows compositions of reaction mixtures as analyzed by RP-HPLC.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods, compositions, mixtures and kits utilizing deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group and a detectable label reversibly connected to the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside. Such compounds provide new possibilities for future sequencing technologies, including but not limited to Sequencing by Synthesis. The present invention contemplates, as compositions of matter, the various structures shown in the body of the specification and the figures. These compositions can be used in reactions, including but not limited to primer extension reactions. These compositions can be in mixtures. For example, one or more of the labeled nucleotides (e.g. such as those shown in FIG. 25) can be in a mixture (and used in a mixture) with one ore more unlabeled nucleotides (e.g. such as those shown in FIG. 51). They can be in kits with other reagents (e.g. buffers, polymerases, primers, etc.)

In one embodiment, the labeled nucleotides of the present invention require several steps of synthesis and involve linking variety of dyes to different bases. It is desirable to be able to perform linker and dye attachment in a modular fashion rather than step by step process. The modular approach involves pre-building of the linker moiety with protecting group on one end and activated group on the other. Such pre-built linker can then be used to couple to apropargylamine nucleotide; one can then, deprotect the masked amine group and then couple the activated dye. This has the advantage of fewer steps and higher yield as compare to step-by-step synthesis.

In one embodiment, the labeled nucleotides of the present invention are used in DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing is a fundamental tool in biology. It is a widely used method in basic research, biomedical, diagnostic, and forensic applications, and in many other areas of basic and applied research. New generation DNA sequencing technologies are changing the way research in biology is routinely conducted. It is poised to play a critical role in the coming years in the field of precision medicines, companion diagnostics, etc.

Sequencing by synthesis (SBS) is a revolutionary next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, where millions of DNA molecules, single or cluster thereof can be sequenced simultaneously. The basis of this technology is the use of modified nucleotides known as cleavable nucleotide terminators that allow just a single base extension and detection of the DNA molecules on solid surface allowing massive parallelism in DNA sequencing (for comprehensive reviews: Cheng-Yao, Chen, Frontiers in Microbiology, 2014, 5, 1 [22]; Fei Chen, et al, Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics, 2013, 11, 34-40 [5]; C. W. Fuller et al, Nature Biotechnology, 2009, 27, 1013 [2]; M. L. Metzker, Nature Reviews, 2010, 11, 31 [1])—all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Modified nucleotides, with 3′-OH positions blocked by a cleavable protecting group, which after incorporation into DNA primers and subsequent detection, can be removed by chemical reaction, are the key to the success of the SBS chemistry (Ju et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,883,869, 2011 [23]; Ju et al, U.S. Pat. No. 8,088,575, 2012 [24]; Ju et al, U.S. Pat. No. 8,796,432, 2014 [25]; Balasubramanian, U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,246, 2004 [26]; Balasubramanian et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,785,796B2, 2010 [27]; Milton et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,414,116 B2, 2008 [28]; Metzker, M. L., et al, Nucleic Acids Res, 1994, 22:4259-4267 [29]; Ju et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103 (52), 19635, 2006 [30]; Ruparel et. al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 102 (17), 5932, 2005 [31]; Bergmann et al, US 2015/0140561 A1 [32]; Kwiatkowski, US 2002/0015961 A1 [33])—all of which are hereby Incorporated by reference.

There have also been attempts to develop nucleotide analogs, known as virtual terminators, where the 3′-OH is unprotected but the bases are modified in such a manner that the modifying group prevents further extension after a single base incorporation to the DNA templates, forcing chain termination event to occur (Andrew F. Gardner et al, NucleicAcidsRes 40(15), 7404-7415 2012 [34], Litosh et al, Nuc. Acids. Res., 2011 vol 39, No. 6, e39 [35], Bowers et al, Nat. Methods, 2009, 6, 593 [36])—all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Also disclosed were ribo-nucleotide analogs, where the 2′-OH is protected by removable group, which prevents the adjacent 3′-OH group from participating in chain extension reactions, thereby stopping after a single base extension (Zhao et al, U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,188 B2, 2013 [37]), incorporated by reference.

On the other hand, Zon proposed the use of dinucleotide terminators containing one of the nucleotides with the 3′-OH blocked by removable group (Gerald Zon, U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,338 B2, 2011 [38]), incorporated by reference.

Previously a cleavable disulfide linker (—SS—) has been used to attach fluorescent dye in the labeled nucleotides for use in the GeneReader sequencing. It is believed that the —SH scars left behind on the growing DNA strain after cleaving step, causes a number of side reactions which limit achieving a longer read-length.

It is known that —SH residues can undergo free radical reactions in the presence of TCEP used in cleaving step, creating undesired functional group, and it potentially can damage DNA molecules (Desulfurization of Cysteine-Containing Peptides Resulting from Sample Preparation for Protein Characterization by MS, Zhouxi Wang et all. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2010, 24(3), 267-275 [39]).

The —SH scars can also interact with the incoming nucleotides inside the flow-cell cleaving the 3′ OH protecting group prematurely causing further chain elongation and thereby it can cause signal de-phasing.

The end result of the detrimental side reactions of —SH is the reduction of the read-length and increased error rates in the sequencing run.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods, compositions, mixtures and kits utilizing deoxynucleoside triphosphates comprising a 3′-O position capped by group comprising methylenedisulfide as a cleavable protecting group and a detectable label reversibly connected to the nucleobase of said deoxynucleoside. Such compounds provide new possibilities for future sequencing technologies, including but not limited to Sequencing by Synthesis.

The present invention, in one embodiment involves the synthesis and use of a labeled nucleoside triphosphates comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, with a 3′-O group comprising methylenedisulfide as a protecting group, having the formula —CH₂—SS—R, in DNA sequencing (e.g. sequencing by synthesis), where the R represents alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, n-butyl, or their analogs with substituent group containing hetero-atoms such as O, N, S etc (see FIG. 1). In one embodiment, the R group may contain a functional group that could modulate the stability and cleavability of the 3′-O capping group, while being acceptable to DNA polymerase enzymes.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a labeled nucleoside triphosphates comprising a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker between the label and nucleobase, with 3′-O positions capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide wherein the nucleobases can be natural, or non-natural bases which can form DNA duplex by hydrogen bond interactions with natural nucleobases of the DNA templates, and that can be 7-deaza analog of dG and dA, and 2-amino-dA. 7-deaza analogs of dA and dG can reduce the formation of DNA tertiary structures due to the lack of 7-N atom. It is envisioned that in one embodiments, such nucleosides could potentially improve DNA sequencing read-length by enhancing DNA templates and polymerase interaction. It may also be possible that the 2-amino-dA can increase DNA duplex stability due to its ability to form more stable 3 hydrogen bonds with its complimentary base (rather than 2bond in natural state), therefore, it can reduce the risk of losing DNA primers during sequencing run (A Jung et al, Mol. Pathol., 2002, 55 (1), 55-57 [40]; 2-amino-dATP: Igor V. Kutyavin, Biochemistry, 2008, 47(51), 13666-73 [41]).

In another embodiment, said nucleotides may have detectable reporter molecules, such as fluorescent dyes linked to nucleobases via cleavable linker —OCH₂SS—. Labeled nucleotides, where the —OCH₂—SS— group is directly attached to the nucleobases and the use thereof as cleavable linker are not known in prior-art. Contrary to the traditional, widely used disulfide linkers (—SS—), this class of cleavable linker (—OCH₂—SS—) leaves no sulfur trace on the DNA molecule, cleanly converting it to —OH group by rapid hydrolysis of the resulting intermediate, —OCH₂—SH, after reductive cleavage. Because of this, such linkers may be better alternatives to the traditional disulfide linkers. In traditional disulfide based linkers (—SS—), the resulting thiol group (—SH) can undergo side reactions when cleaved by reducing reagents such as TCEP as presented in the following FIG. 4 (Ref: Desulfurization of Cysteine-Containing Peptides Resulting from Sample Preparation for Protein Characterization by MS, Zhouxi Wang et all, Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 2010, 24(3), 267-275 [39]).

In another embodiment, the reporter groups may be attached to the pyrimidine bases (dT, dC) at 5-C position and to purine bases (dA, dG) at 7-N of natural bases, or 7-C of de-aza analogs.

In another embodiment, the structure of the labeled nucleotides may be as shown in FIG. 5, where the spacer of the cleavable linker includes the propargyl ether linker. The nucleobases with progargyl ether can be synthesized following prior arts of chemical synthesis. The L₁ and L₂ represent chemical spacers, and substituents R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are group of atoms that modulate stability and cleavability to the cleavable linker. They can be hydrogen atom, geminal dimethyl, or any alkyl, phenyl, or substituted alkyl group, such as methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, phenyl, etc. They may also contain a hydrocarbon chain with —O, ═O, NH, —N═N, acid, amide, poly ethyleneglycol chain (PEG) etc. The label on the nucleotides may be fluorescent dyes, energy transfer dyes, radioactive label, chemi-luminiscence probe, heptane and other form of label that allows detection by chemical or physical methods.

In another embodiment, the structure of the labeled nucleotides may be as shown FIG. 6. The spacers of the cleavable linker include the propargylamine linker. Again, the L₁ and L₂ represent spacers, and substituents R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are group of atoms that provide stability and modulate cleavability of the linker as described earlier. They may be hydrogen atoms, alkylgroups such as methyl, ethyl and other substituted groups or their salts. Geminal dialkyl group on the α-carbon of the cleavable disulfide linker (e.g. germinal dimethyl analogue according to the following structure:

provides better stability to the linker allowing modular synthesis of labeled nucleotides. It presumably prevents disproportional reactions prevalent among disulfide based organic compounds. It also adds greater hydrophobicity to the linker which helps the synthesis and purification of labeled nucleotide analogues [42-44]. The gem dimethyl functionality present in the linker is believed to not only serve to stabilize the disulfide bond electronically, but also prevents disulfide exchange from occurring both inter- and intra-molecularly, likely via sterric effects. It has been demonstrated that in the presence of cystamine, the disulfide functionality on the terminator participates in disulfide exchange, while linkers equipped with gem dimethyl groups do not. The linker study in FIG. 42 compares linkers with and without the gem dimethyl group. As can be seen from this study, linkers G and L without the gem dimethyl group quickly exchange with cystamine leading to degradation of the product. As expected, this phenomenon is not observed with our chosen linker A, nor with analogous linker B. In addition, since the labelled nucleotides contain two disulfides, one on the terminator and one on the linker portion of the molecule, it is believed that this stabilizing effect prevents scrambling between the dye and the terminator from occurring. This stability is important to performance of our nucleotides in sequencing.

In another embodiment, the structure of the labeled nucleotides may be as In FIG. 7. The spacer of the cleavable linker include the methylene (—(CH2)_(n)— directly attached to the nucleobases at 5- position for pyrimidine, and at 7-de-aza-carbon for purines. This linker may be methylene (n=1) or polymethylene (n>1) where after cleavage, the linker generates —(CH₂)_(n)OH group at the point of attachment on the nucleobases, and where the L₁ and L₂ represent spacers, and substituents R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are group of atoms that provide stability to the cleavable linker as described earlier.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to synthetic methods for the nucleotides claimed. The capping group and linker may be synthesized modifying prior arts described. For example, the unlabeled dT analog (compound 5) can be synthesized as shown in FIG. 8.

In one embodiment the invention involves: (a) nucleoside triphosphates with 3′-O capped by a group comprising methylenedisulfide (e.g. of the formula —CH₂—SS—R) as a cleavable protecting group (see FIG. 1); and (b) their labeled analogs (see FIG. 2), where labels are attached to the nucleobases via a cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide linker (—OCH₂—SS—). Such nucleotides can be used In nucleic acid sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technologies. General methods for the synthesis of the nucleotides claimed arc also described.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, the general structures of unlabeled nucleotides have the 3′-O group protected by a group comprising methylenedisulfide with a common structure —CH₂—SS—R, where the R can be regular alkyl or substituted alkyl groups such as -Me, -Et, -nBu, -tBu, —CH₂CH₂NH₂, —CH₂CH₂NMe etc., and B, can be natural or non-natural nucleobases. Some specific examples of non-natural nucleobases are 7-deaza dG and dA, 2-amino-dA etc.

In FIG. 2, the general structures of labeled analogs are shown with 3′-O protected by a group comprising methylenedisulfide as in FIG. 1, in addition to that a detectable reporter (label) such as fluorophore is attached to the nucleobases via a cleavable linker having a general structure -L₁-OCH₂—SS-L₂-. L₁ represents molecular spacer that separates nucleobase from the cleavable linker, while L₂ between cleavable linker and the label, respectively. Both L₁ and L₂ can have appropriate functional groups for connecting to the respective chemical entities such as —CO—, —CONH—, —NHCONH—, —O—, —S—, —C═N, —N═N—, etc. The label may be fluorophore dyes, energy transfer dyes, mass-tags, biotin, haptenes, etc. The label may be different on different nucleotides for detection of multiple bases simultaneously, or the same for step-wise detection of spatially separated oligonucleotides or their amplified clones on solid surface.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a new class of nucleotide that has 3′-O capped with —CH₂—SS—R group and a label attached to the nucleobase through a cleavable linker having a general structure —O—CH₂—SS—. Such capping group and linker can be cleanly cleaved simultaneously by single treatment with TCEP or related chemicals leaving no sulfur traces on the DNA molecules.

This class of nucleotides may be stable enough to endure the relatively high temperature (−65° C.) necessary for nucleotide incorporation onto the DNA templates catalyzed by thermo active polymerases, yet labile enough to be cleaved under DNA compatible conditions such as reduction with TCEP etc. In some embodiments, cleavage may be accomplished by exposure to dithiothreitol.

The nucleotide when exposed to reducing agents such as TCEP de-cap the 3′-O protection group via step-wise mechanism shown in FIG. 3, thus restoring the natural state of the 3′-OH group. TCEP and its analogs are known to be benign to bio-molecules which is a pre-requisite for application in SBS.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a generic universal building blocks structures comprising new cleavable linkers, shown in FIG. 28. PG=Protective Group, L1, L2-linkers (aliphatic, aromatic, mixed polarity straight chain or branched). RG=Reactive Group. In one embodiment of present invention such building blocks carry an Fmoc protective group on one end of the linker and reactive NHS carbonate or carbamate on the other end. This preferred combination is particularly useful in modified nucleotides synthesis comprising new cleavable linkers. A protective group should be removable under conditions compatible with nucleic acid/nucleotides chemistry and the reactive group should be selective. After reaction of the active NHS group on the linker with amine terminating nucleotide, an Fmoc group can be easily removed using base such as piperidine or ammonia, therefore exposing amine group at the terminal end of the linker for the attachment of cleavable marker. A library of compounds comprising variety of markers can be constructed this way very quickly.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a generic structure of nucleotides carrying cleavable marker attached via novel linker, shown in FIG. 29. S=sugar (i.e., ribose, deoxyribose), B=nucleobase, R—H or reversibly terminating group (protective group). Preferred reversibly terminating groups include but are not limited to: Azidomethyl (—CH₂N₃), Dithio-alkyl (—CH2-SS—R), aminoxy (—ONH₂).

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided in order to demonstrate and further illustrate certain preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof.

Example 1 Synthesis of 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (2)

5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (1) (2.0 g, 5.6 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture consisting of DMSO (10.5 mL), acetic acid (4.8 mL), and acetic anhydride (15.4 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask, and stirred for 48 hours at room temperature. The mixture was then quenched by adding saturated K₂CO₃ solution until evolution of gaseous CO₂ was stopped. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL) using a separating funnel. The combined organic extract was then washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2×150 mL) in a partitioning funnel, and the organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄. The organic part was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The reaction mixture was finally punned by silica gel column chromatography (Hex: EtOAc/7:3 to 1:1), see FIG. 8. The 3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (2) was obtained as white powder in 75% yield (1.75 g, R_(f)=0.6, hex: EtOAc/1:1), ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 6.28 (m, 1H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4,46 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.90 (m, 2H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 2.14, 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.92 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), and 0.13 (s, 3H) ppm.

Example 2 Synthesis of3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (4)

Compound 2 (1.75 g, 4.08 mmol), dried overnight under high vacuum, dissolved in 20 mL dry CH₂Cl₂ was added with Et₃N (0.54 mL, 3.87 mmol) and 5.0 g molecular sieve-3A, and stirred for 30 min under Ar atmosphere. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-bath to bring the temperature to sub-zero, and slowly added with 1.8 eq 1M SO₂Cl₂ in CH₂Cl₂ (1.8 mL) and stirred at the same temperature for 1.0 hour. Then the ice-bath was removed to bring the flask to room temperature, and added with a solution of potassium thiotosylate (1.5 g) in 4 mL dry DMF and stirred for 0.5 hour at room temperature.

Then 2 eq EtSH (0.6 mL) was added and stirred additional 40 min. The mixture was then diluted with 50 mL CH₂Cl₂ and filtered through celite-S in a funnel The sample was washed with adequate amount of CH₂Cl₂ to make sure that the product was filtered out. The CH₂Cl₂ extract was then concentrated and purified by chromatography on a silica gel column (Hex:EtOAC/1:1 to 1:3, R_(f)=0.3 in Hex:EtOAc/1:1). The resulting crude product was then treated with 2.2 g of NH₄F in 20 mL MeOH. After 36 hours, the reaction was quenched with 20 mL saturated NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ by partitioning. The CH₂Cl₂ part was dried over Na₂SO₄ and purified by chromatography (Hex:EtOAc/1:1 to 1:2), see FIG. 8. The purified product (4) was obtained as white powder in 18% yield, 0.26 g, R_(f)=0.3, Hex:EtOAc/1:2).

¹H NMR in CDCl₃: δ_(H) 11.25 (1H, S), 7.65 (1H,S), 6.1 (1H, m), 5.17 (1H, m), 4.80 (2H, S), 4.48 (1H, m), 3.96 (1H, m),3.60 (2H, m), 3.26 (3H, s), 2.80 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, m) and 1.14 (3H, m) ppm.

Example 3 Synthesis of the triphosphate of 3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-2′-deoxythymidine (5)

In a 25 mL flask, compound 4 (0.268 g, 0.769 mmol) was added with proton sponge (210 mg), equipped with rubber septum. The sample was dried under high vacuum for overnight. The material was then dissolved in 2.6 mL (MeO)₃PO under argon atmosphere. The flask, equipped with Ar-gas supply, was then placed on an ice-bath, stirred to bring the temperature to sub-zero. Then 1.5 equivalents of POCl₃ was added at once by a syringe and stirred at the same temperature for 2 hour under Argon atmosphere. Then the ice-bath was removed and a mixture consisting of tributylammonium-pyrophosphate (1.6 g) and Bu₃N (1.45 mL) in dry DMF (6 ml) was prepared. The entire mixture was added at once and stirred for 10 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with TEAB buffer (30 mL, 100 mM) and stirred for additional 3 hours at room temperature. The crude product was concentrated by rotary evaporation, and purified by C18 Prep HPLC (method: 0 to 5 min 100% A followed by gradient up to 50% B over 72 min, A=50 mM TEAB and B=acetonitrile). After freeze drying of the target fractions, the semi-pure product was further purified by ion exchange HPLC using PL-SAX Prep column (Method: 0 to 5 min 100% A, then gradient up to 70% B over 70 min, where A=15% acetonitrile in water, B=0.85M TEAB buffer in 15% acetonitrile). Final purification was carried out by C18 Prep HPLC as described above resulting in ˜25% yield of compound 5, see FIG. 8.

Example 4 Synthesis of N⁴-Benzoyl-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-2′ deoxycytidine (7)

The synthesis of 3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-dCTP (10) was achieved according to FIG. 9, N⁴-benzoyl-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (6) (50.0 g, 112.2 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (210 mL) in a 2L round bottom flask. It was added sequentially with acetic acid (210 mL) and acetic anhydride (96 mL), and stirred for 48 h at room temperature. During this period of time, a complete conversion to product was observed by TLC (R_(f)=0.6, EtOAc:hex/10:1 for the product).

The mixture was separated into two equal fractions, and each was transferred to a 2000 mL beaker and neutralized by slowly adding saturated K₂CO₃ solution until CO₂ gas evolution was stopped (pH 8). The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc in a separating funnel. The organic part was then washed with saturated solution of NaHCO₃ (2×1 L) followed by with distilled water (2×1 L), then the organic part was dried over Na₂SO₄.

The organic part was then concentrated by rotary evaporation. The product was then purified by silica gel flash-column chromatography using puriflash column (Hex:EtOAc/1:4 to 1:9, 3 column runs, on 15 um, HC 300 g puriflash column) to obtain N⁴-benzoyl-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (7) as grey powder in 60% yield (34.0 g, R_(f)=0.6, EtOAc:hex/9:1), see FIG. 9.

¹H-NMR of compound 7 (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.40 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.54 (m, 3H), 6.30 (m, 1H), 4.62 & 4.70 (2×d, J=11.59 Hz, 2H), 4,50 (m, 1H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.84 & 3.99 (2×dd, J=11.59 & 2.79 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.21 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 0.99 (s, 9H), and 0.16 (s, 6H) ppm.

Example 5 N⁴-Benzoyl-3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (8)

N⁴-Benzoyl-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3′-O-(methylthiomethyl-2′-deoxycytidine (7) (2.526 g, 5.0 mmol) dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (35 mL) was added with molecular sieve-3A (10 g). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. It was then added with Et₃N (5.5 mmol), and stirred for 20 minutes on an ice-salt-water bath. It was then added slowly with 1M SO₂Cl₂ in CH₂Cl₂ (7.5mL, 7.5 mmol) using a syringe and stirred at the same temperature for 2 hours under N₂-atmosphere. Then benzenethiosulfonic acid sodium salt (1.6 g, 8.0 mmol) in 8 ml dry DMF was added and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Finally, EtSH was added (0.74 mL) and stirred additional 50 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite-S, and washed the product out with CH₂Cl₂. After concentrating the resulting CH₂CH₂ part, it was purified by flash chromatography using a silica gel column (1:1 to 3:7/Hex:EtOAc) to obtain compound 8 in 54.4% yield (1.5 g), see FIG. 9. ¹H-NMR of compound 8 (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.40 (m, 1H), 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.54 (m, 3H), 6.25 (m, 1H), 4.69 & 4.85 (2×d, J=11.60 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 3.84 & 3.99 (2×dd, J=11.59 & 2.79 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (m, 3H), 2.28 (m, 1H), 1.26 (m, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), and 0.16 (s, 6H) ppm.

Example 6 N⁴-Benzoyl-3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (9)

N⁴-Benzoyl-3′-O-(ethyldithiomethyl)-5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2′-deoxycytidine (8, 1.50 g, 2.72 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL THF. Then 1M TBAF in THF (3.3 mL) was added at ice-cold temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. Then the reaction was quenched by adding 1 mL MeOH, and solvent was removed after 10 minutes by rotary evaporation. The product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using gradient 1:1 to 1:9/Hex:EtOAc to result in compound 9 (0.78 g, 65% yield, Rf=0.6 in 1:9/Hex:EtOAc), see FIG. 9. ¹H-NMR of compound 9 (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.41 (m, 1H), 8.0 (m, 2H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.50 (m, 2H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 4.80 & 4.90 (2×d, J=11.60 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.21 (m, 1H), 4.00 & 3.85 (2×dd, J=11.59 & 2.79 Hz, 2H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), and 1.3 (s, 3H) ppm.

Finally, the synthesis of compound 10 was achieved from compound 9 following the standard synthetic protocol described in the synthesis of compound 5 (see FIG. 8).

Example 7

The synthesis of the labeled nucleotides can be achieved following the synthetic routes shown in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11. FIG. 10 is specific for the synthesis of labeled dT intermediate, and other analogs could be synthesized similarly.

Synthesis of 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-(N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (12)

5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (11, 25.0 g, 53.4 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (200 mL) in a 2-neck-round bottom flask. The reaction flask is flushed with Ar-gas filled balloon. It was then added with, freshly opened, vacuum dried tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (6.16 g, 5.27 mmol) and CuI (2.316 g, 12.16 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes under argon atmosphere. Next, N-trifluoroacetyl-propargylamine (23.99 g, 157.8 mmol, 2.9 eq) and Et₃N (14.7 mL, 105.5 mmol) were added sequentially. The mixture was stirred for 3.0 hours at room temperature and reaction completion was confirmed by TLC (R_(f)=0.5 in EtOAc:Hex/3:2 for the product).

Solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting crude product was dissolved in 500 mL EtOAc and transferred into a separating funnel. The organic part was then washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×400 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×400 mL) solutions, respectively. The EtOAc part was then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtering off the Na₂SO₄ salt, the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. It was then purified by a silica gel flash chromatography (1:1 Hex:EtOAc to 2:3 Hex:EtOAc, 200 gm, 15 um HP puriflash column, 3 column runs) after binding to 3×40 gm silica gel resulting in 21.994 g of 12 (83.88% yield), see FIG. 10.

¹H-NMR in compound 12 (DMF-d₇): δH 11.65 (brs, 1H), 10.15 (brs, 1H), 8.15 (brs, 1H, H6), 6.37 (t, J=5.99 Hz, 1H, H1′), 5.42 (m, 1H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.37 (brs, 2H, for NH—CH₃ of propargylamine group), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.97 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 1H, H2′), 2.20 (m, 1H, H2′), 0.97 (s, 9H, 3×-CH₃, TBDMS) and 0.19 (s, 6H, 2× CH₃, TBDMS) ppm.

Example 8 Synthesis of 5′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3′-O-(methylthiomethyl)-5-(N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl)-2′-deoxyuridine (13)

Compound 12 (21.99 g, 44.77 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (90 mL). In a 1000 mL round bottom flask. It was then added sequentially with AcOH (40 mL) and acetic anhydride (132 mL) and stirred for 48 hours at room temperature. The reaction completion was confirmed by TLC (R_(f)=0.5; Hex:EtOAc/1:1 for the product).

The reaction mixture was then transferred to 2,000 mL beaker, and neutralized by saturated K₂CO₃ until the evolution of CO₂ gas was ceased (˜pH 8.0). The mixture was then transferred into a separating funnel and extracted (2×500 mL CH₂Cl₂). The combined organic part was then washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (1×500 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. After filtering off the Na₂SO₄, the organic part was concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified by silica gel flash chromatography (Hex:EtOAc/7:3 to 1:1) producing 12.38 g of compound 13 (˜50% yield), see FIG. 10. TLC: R_(f)=0.5; Hex:EtOAc/1:1, ¹H-NMR of compound 13 (DMSO-d₆): δH 11.69 (s, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H, H6), 6.07 (m, 1H, H1′), 4.69 (m, 2H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 2H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H) and 0.08 (s, 6H) ppm.

The synthesis of the compounds 14, 15 and 16 can achieved following the synthetic protocols of the related steps described for compounds 5 and 10. Synthesis of other N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl nucleobases by described as in U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,338 [38], incorporated herein by reference. Removal of the N-trifluoroacetyl group to produce the aminopropargyl nucleobases may be produced by solvolysis under mild conditions [45].

On the other hand, the cleavable linker synthesis can be achieved as shown in FIG. 11, starting from an 1,4-dutanediol and is described in Example 9.

Example 9 Synthesis of4-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-butane-1-O-(methylthiomethyl), 18

18.3 g 1,4-butanediol, 17 (18.3 g, 203.13 mmol) dissolved in 100 mL dry pyridine in a 1L flask was brought to sub-zero temperature on an ice-bath under nitrogen atmosphere. It was added with tert-butyldiphenylsilylchloride (TBDPSCl, 19.34 g, 70.4 mmol) slowly with a syringe. The reaction flask was allowed to warm up to room temperature with the removal of the ice-bath and stirring continued for overnight at room temperature. The solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and purified by flash chromatography using silica gel column (7:3 to 1:1/Hex:EtOAc) resulting in 4-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-butane-1-ol (13.7 g, 59.5% yield, R_(f)=0.7 with 1:1/Hex:EtOAc, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δH 7.70 (4H, m), 7.40 (4H, m), 3.75 (2H, m), 3.65 (m, 2H), 3.70 (4H, m) and 1.09 (9H, m) ppm. Of the resulting product, 6.07 g (18.5 mmol) was dissolved in 90 mL dry DMSO, see FIG. 11. It was then added with acetic acid (15 mL) and acetic anhydride (50 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature. It was then transferred to a separating funnel and washed with 300 mL distilled water by partitioning with the same volume of EtOAc. The EtOAc part was then transferred to a 1,000 mL beaker and neutralized with saturated K₂CO₃ solution. The aqueous part was removed by partitioning and the EtOAc part was then further washed with distilled water (3×300 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The EtOAc part was then concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (Hex:EtOAc/97:3 to 90:10) to obtain 4-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-1-O-(methylthiomethyl)-butane, 18 (5.15 g, 71.7% yield, R_(f)=0.8 in 9:1/Hex:EtOAc). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δH 7.70 (4H, m), 7.40 (6H, m), 4.62 (2H, s), 3.70 (2H, m), 3.50 (2H, m), 2.15 (2H, s), 1.70 (4H, m) and 1.08 (9H, m) ppm.

Example 10 Synthesis of Compound 19

Compound 18 (2.0 g, 5.15 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL dry CH₂Cl₂, and added with 10 g molecular sieve-3A and 0.78 mL Et₃N (5.66 mmol). The mixture was stirred under N₂ gas at room temperature for 30 min. Then the flask was placed on an ice-bath to bring the temperature to sub-zero. It was then added slowly with 7.7 mL of 1M SO₂Cl₂/CH₂Cl₂ solution (7.7 mmol) and stirred under N₂ for 1 hour. Then the ice-bath was removed and benzenethiosulfonic acid-Na salt (1.6 g, 8.24 mmol) in 8 mL DMF was added and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Then 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (1.73 g, 10.3 mmol, 2.0 eq) in 7 mL dry DMF was added and stirred for 2 hours. The entire crude sample was then filtered through celite-S and the product was washed out by EtOAc. EtOAc extract was then concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified on a silica gel column (1:1 to 3:7/Hex:EtOAc) to obtain 1.19 g of compound 19 in 43% yield, see FIG. 11, R_(f)=0.5 Hex:EtOAc/3:7. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): 7.65 (4H, m), 7.55 (2H, m), 7.45 (6H, m), 7.20 (2H, s), 4.80 (2H, m), 3.65 (4H, m), 3.50 (2H, m), 1.60 (4H, m), and 1.09 (9H, s) ppm.

Example 11 Synthesis of Compound 20

Compound 19 (0.6 g, 1.11 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL dry DMF was treated with DSC (0.426 g, 1.5 eq) and Et₃N (0.23 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 1.5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. Then a mixture consisting of 11-azido-3,6,9-trioxadecan-1-amine (2.0 eq) and Et₃N (2.0 eq) was prepared in 5 mL DMF. The entire solution was added to the reaction mixture at once and stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and purified by silica gel flash chromatography using gradient 0 to 10% CH₂Cl₂:MeOH to obtain compound 20 in 36% yield (0.297 g, R_(f)=0.8, 10% MeOH:CH₂Cl₂), see FIG. 11. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄): δ_(H) 7.70 (4H, m), 7.55 (2H, m), 7.40 (6H, m), 7.45 (2H, m), 4.85 (2H, s), 3.65-3.30 (22H, m), 1.65 (4H, m), and 1.09 (9H, m) ppm.

Then, the product 20 (0.297 g) was dissolved in 7 mL dry THF in a flask and placed on an ice-bath to bring to sub-zero temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then 0.6 mL 1M TBAF in THF was added drop-wise and stirred for 3 hours at ice-cold temperature. The mixture was quenched with 1 mL MeOH and volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation and purified by flash chromatography to obtain 165 mg of the product 21, see FIG. 11, ¹H NMR (MeOH-d4): δH 7.55 (2H, m), 7.25 (2H, m), 4.85 (2H, s), 3.75-3.30 (22H, m) and 1.50 (4H, m) ppm. This product can be coupled to alkyne substituted dye using click chemistry and to nucleotide using GDI as activating agent to result in compound 22.

Another variant of cleavable linker, where the stabilizing gem-dimethyl group attached to α-carbon of the cleavable linker, can be achieved following FIG. 12.

Example 12

In another aspect, the cleavable linker can be compound 30, where the disulfide is flanked by gem-dimethyl groups and attached to a flexible ethylene glycol linker (PEG). The linker is attached to the PA-nucleotide (e.g. compound 33) via carbamate group (—NH—C(═O)O—). The resulting nucleotide analogue in such case can be as in compound 35 (dUTP analogue), which can be synthesized according to the FIG. 13. Other nucleotide analogues (e.g. analogues of dATP, dGTP, dCTP) can be synthesized similarly by replacing PA-nucleotide 33 with appropriate PA-nucleotide analogues at the last step of the reaction sequence.

Example 13 Synthesis of Compound 28

Compound 18 (15.53 g, 40 mmol) (see Example 9) for synthesis of compound 18) was dissolved in 450 mL of dry dichloromethane in a round bottom flask. Molecular sieves (3 Å, 80 g) and triethylamine (5.6 mL) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 hour under nitrogen atmosphere. Next, SO₂Cl₂ (1 M in DCM, 64 mL) was added slowly by a syringe and stirred for 1.0 hour at 0° C. temperature. Then, ice-water bath was removed, and a solution of potassium-thiotosylate (10.9 g, 48.1 mmol) in 20 mL anhydrous DMF was added at once and stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then poured into 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (4.4 mL, 36 mmol) dissolved in 20 mL DMF in a 2 L round-bottom flask. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 hours at room temperature, and filtered through celite. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with distilled water in a separatory funnel, followed by concentrating the crude product by rotary evaporation. The product (28) was obtained in 26% yield (5.6 g) after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc:Hexane as mobile phase, see FIG. 13, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.67-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.47 (m, 6H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.81 (t, J=6.73 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=6.21 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (t, J=6.55, 2H), 1.90 (t, J=6.95 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.34 (s, 6H), and 1.07 (s, 9H) ppm.

Example 14 Synthesis of Compound 29

Compound 28 (5.1 g, 10.36 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL anhydrous pyridine in a 500 mL round bottom flask. To this solution, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (3.36 g, 20.7 mmol) was added in one portion and the reaction was stirred for 1.0 hour at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was poured into a solution consisting of 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (7.6 mL, 51.8 mmol) and anhydrous pyridine (50 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1.0 hour at room temperature, and the volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica using MeOH:CH₂Cl₂/9.5:0.5 to furnish pure compound 29 (4.4 g, 65% yield), see FIG. 13. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.63-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.44 (m, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 2H)S 3.65 (t, J=6.16 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (s, 4H), 3.49-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.31-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.88 (m, 2H),1.9 (t, J=7.06 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.31 (s, 6H) and 1.03 (s, 9H) ppm.

Example 15 Synthesis of Compound 31

Compound 29 (0.94 g, 1.42 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL dry THF and treated with 1M TBAF in THF (1.6 mL, 1.6 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.0 hours at 0° C., during which time LC-MS confirmed complete removal of the TBDPS protecting group. After removing solvent by rotary evaporation, the product was purified by flash chromatography on C18 Flash Column (gradient: 0-100% B over 50 minutes, where A=50 mM TEAB and B=acetonitrile). The target fractions were combined and lyophilized resulting in pure compound 30 (0.284 g, 47% yield), MS (ES+) calculated for (M+H) 429.21, observed m/z 429.18. Next, compound 30 (0.217 g, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in 13 mL of dry acetonitrile under a nitrogen atmosphere. To this solution, DIPEA (97.7 uL, 0.56 mmol) and Fmoc-NHS ester (273.6 mg, 0.81 mmol) were added at 0° C. temperature and stirred for 2.0 hours at the same temperature. The product was then purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, 1:1 to 1:9/hex:EtOAc gradient, leading to a semi-pure product, which was further purified using 2-5%/MeOH—CH₂Cl₂ gradient to obtain compound 31 (0.245 g, 74% yield), see FIG. 13. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.70 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.32 (2H, m), 7.24 (2H, m), 4.69 (2H, s), 4.35 (2H, m), 4.16 (1H, m), 4.09 (2H, m), 3.60-3.45 (12H, m), 3.36-3.26 (4H, m), 1.82 (2H, m), 1.60 (4H, m) and 1.22 (6H, s) ppm.

Example 16 Synthesis of Compound 32

Compound 31 (93 mg, 0.143 mmol) was dissolved in dry acetonitrile (12.0 mL) in a round bottom flask equipped with magnetic bar and a nitrogen gas source. To this solution, DSC (56 mg, 0.21 mmol) and DIPEA (37.4 μL, 0.21 mmol) were added sequentially, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5.0 hours. Additional DSC (48 mg, 0.18 mmol) and DIPEA (37.4 μL, 0.21 mmol) were added and stirring continued for 15.0 hours at room temperature, during which time TLC showed full conversion to the activated NHS ester. The product 32 was obtained (59 mg, 53% yield) as a thick oil following silica gel flash chromatography purifications using hexane-ethyl acetate (3:7 to 1:9) gradient and was used in the next step, see FIG. 13. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.70 (2H, d, 7.53 Hz), 7.53 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.33 (2H, m), 7.24 (2H, m), 4.69 (2H, s), 4.34 (2H, m), 4.28 (2H, m), 4.16 (1H, m), 4.09 (2H, m), 3.57-3.46 (10H, m), 3.35-3.26 (4H, m), 2.75 (4H,s), 1.74 (4H, m), 1.62 (2H, m) and 1.23 (6H, s) ppm.

Example 17 Synthesis of Compound 34

An aliquot of compound 33 (10 μmols) (synthesized according to Ref. US 2013/0137091A1) was lyophilized to dryness in a 15 mL centrifuge tube. It was then re-suspended in 1.0 mL of dry DMF with 60 μmols DIPEA. In a separate tube, compound 32 (30 μmols, 3 eq) was dissolved in 3.33 mL dry DMF, and added all at once. The reaction was mixed well by rigorous shaking by hand and placed on the shaker for 12 h at room temperature. Next, piperidine (0.33 mL) was added and shaking continued for 30 minutes at room temperature. The product was then purified by HPLC using C18 column (gradient: 0-70% B over 40 minutes, where A=50 mM TEAB and B=acetonitrile). The product 34 was obtained in 73.3% yield (7.33 umols) after lyophilization of the target fractions, see FIG. 13.

Example 18 Synthesis of Compound 35

An aliquot of compound 34 (4.9 μmols) was dissolved in 1.0 ml. distilled water and 0.5M Na₂HPO₄ (0.49 mL) in a 15 ml centrifuge tube. In a separate tube, 10 mg of 5-CR₆G-NHS ester (17.9 μmol) was dissolved in 0.9 mL of dry DMF. This solution was then added to the reaction mixture all at once and stirred at room temperature for 6.0 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 50 mM TEAB (25 mL). The product was purified by HPLC C18 (gradient: 0-60% B over 70 minutes). Compound 35 was obtained after lyophilization of the target fractions (2.15 μmol, 44% yield in ˜98% purity by HPLC, and the structure was confirmed by MS (ES+): calculated for (M−H) C₅₈H₇₆N₁₀O₂₅P₃S₂; 1469.36, found m/z 1469.67, see FIG. 13.

Similarly, analogs of dATP, dCTP and dGTP were synthesized following similar procedure described for compound 35, and characterized by HPLC and LC-MS resulting a full set of A-series (98, 100, 101, and 102, FIG. 45). For dATP analog calculated for (M−H) C₆₆H₈₃N₁₂O₂₃P₃S₂, 1,568.4348, found m/z 1,568.4400; For dCTP analog calculated for (M−H) C₅₂H₆₅N₁₁O₃₀P₃S₄, 1,545.2070, found m/z 1,545.2080 and for dGTP analog calculated for (M−H) C₆₆H₉₃N₁₂O₂₇P₃S₄, 1,706.4369, found m/z 1,706.4400. In another aspect, the invention involves nucleotides with cleavable linker as in compound 43 for dATP analogue where the cleavable disulfide is flanked by gem-dimethyl group and the linker is attached to PA-nucleotide via urea group (—NH(C═O)NH—). The compound can be synthesized according to FIG. 14 (for dATP analogue). For other nucleotide analogues (e.g. for analogues of dCTP, dGTP, dUTP) can be synthesized similarly replacing 42 by appropriate PA-analogues at the last step of the reaction sequence.

Example 19 Synthesis of Compound 37

In a 1 L round bottom flask with equipped with stir bar, 5-(fmoc-amino)-1-pentanol (36, 20 g, 62 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (256 mL) at room temperature. To the solution, AcOH (43 mL) and Ac₂O (145 mL) were added sequentially. The flask was closed with a rubber septum, placed under N₂, and stirred at room temperature for 20 h. Reaction completion was continued by TLC. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a 3 L beaker and the flask was washed with water. The beaker was cooled in an ice bath and the reaction mixture was neutralized with 50% saturated K₂CO₃ (400 mL) for 30 minutes. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted with EtOAc (2×700 mL). The organic phase was then washed with 50% saturated K₂CO₃ (2×400 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 20% B over 20 min, A=Hex, B=EtOAc). Collection and concentration of fractions yields compound 37 (17.77 g, 75%) as a white solid, see FIG. 14. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.79 (d, J=7.33, 2H), 7.63 (d, J=7.83, 2H), 7.441 (t, J=7.33, 2H), 7.357 (t, J=7.58, 2H), 4.803 (bs, 1H), 4.643 (s, 2H), 4.43 (d, J=6.82, 2H), 4.24 (t, J=6.82, 1H), 3.54 (t, J=6.32, 2H), 3.251 (m, 1H), 2.167 (s, 3H), 1.657-1.550 (m, 4H), and 1.446-1.441 (m, 2H) ppm.

Example 20 Synthesis of Compound 38

Compound 37 (2.77 g, 7.2 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (60 mL) in a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with stir bar and septum under N₂. To the flask, triethylamine (3.0 mL, 21.6 mL, 3 eq) and 4 Å Molecular Sieves (28 g) were added. The suspension was stirred for 10 min at room temperature, followed by 30 min in an ice bath. To the flask was added SO₂Cl₂ (1M solution in DCM, 14.4 mL, 14.4 mmol, 2 eq) and the reaction mixture was stirred in the ice bath for 1 h. Reaction progress was monitored by the disappearance of starting material via TLC (1:1 Hex:EtOAc). Once SO₂Cl₂ activation was complete, a solution of potassium thiotosylate (2.45 g, 10.8 mmol, 1.5 eq) in DMF (60 mL) was rapidly added. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warns to room temperature for 1 h. The flask was then charged with 3-mercapto-3-methylbutanol (1.8 mL, 14.4 mmol, 2 eq) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo at 40° C. Purification by FCC (0 to 50% B over 30 min, A=Hex, B=EtOAc) afforded 38 (482 mg, 14%) as a yellow oil, see FIG. 14. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.76 (d, J=7.81, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=7.32, 2H), 7.40 (t, J=7.32, 2H), 7.31 (t, J=7.32, 2H), 4.87 (bs, 1H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 4.40 (d, J=6.84, 2H), 4.21 (t, J=6.84 1H), 3.78 (t, J=6.84, 2H), 3.57 (t, J=6.35, 2H), 3.20 (m, 2H), 1.88 (t, J=6.84, 2H), 1.64-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.42-1.39 (m, 2H) and 1.32 (s, 6H) ppm.

Example 21 Synthesis of Compound 39

Compound 38 (135 mg, 0.275 mmol) was desiceated under vacuum for 2 h in a 50 mL round bottom flask. The vacuum was removed and the flask placed under N₂. Compound 38 was dissolved in DMF (3.1 mL) and the flask was charged with DIPEA (96 μL, 0.55 mmol, 2 eq). The solution was stirred for 10 min and then DSC (120 mg, 0.468 mmol, 1.7 eq) was added in one dose as a solid. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h and completion was verified via TLC (1:1 Hex:EtOAc). The reaction was then concentrated in vacuo at 35° C. and further dried under high vacuum for 1 h. The crude oil was loaded on to silica gel and purified by FCC (0 to 50% B over 14 min, A=hex, B=EtOAc). The fractions were checked by TLC and concentrated to afford compound 39 (133 mg, 76%) as an oil that crystallized over time, see FIG. 14. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.78 (d, J=7.58, 2H), 7.61 (d, J=7.58, 2H), 7.42 (t, J=7.58, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=7.58, 2H), 4.87 (bs, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=7.07, 2H), 4.44 (d, J=6.82, 2H), 4.24 (t, J=7.07, 1H), 3.58 (t, J=6.32, 2H), 3.22 (m, 2H), 2.83 (s, 4H), 2.08 (m, 2H), 1.649-1.562 (m, 4H), 1.443-1.390 (m, 2H) and 1.366 (s, 6H) ppm.

Example 22 Synthesis of Compound 40

2,2′-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (92 μL, 635 μmol, 10 eq) and triethylamine (176 μL, 1270 μmol, 20 eq) were dissolved in DMF (10 mL). A separate solution of 6-ROX, NHS ester (40 mg, 64 umol, 1 eq) in DMF (2.7 mL) was also prepared. The 6-ROX, NHS ester solution was added drop-wise to a rapidly stirring solution containing the diamine. The reaction stirred for 2 h and progress was monitored by C18 HPLC-MS (0 to 100% B over 10 min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=MeCN). Once complete, the reaction was purified via preparative C18-HPLC (10 to 100% B over 50 min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=MeCN). The fractions were combined and lyophilized to yield compound 40 (20 mg, 48%) as a purple-red solid, see FIG. 14. MS (ES−) calculated for (M−H) C₃₉H₄₅N₄O₆ 664.33, found m/z 664.56.

Example 23 Synthesis of Compound 41

Compound 40 (10 mg, 15 μmol) was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and charged with DIPEA (8 μL, 45 μmol, 3 eq). Separately, compound 39 (28 mg, 45 μmol, 3 eq) was dissolved in DMF (0.21 mL). The solution of compound 39 was rapidly added to the solution with compound 40. The reaction was placed on a shaker plate for 1.5 h at which time analytical C18-HPLC (0-100% B over 10 min, A=50 mM Acetate Buffer pH 5.2, B=MeCN) revealed remaining compound 40. Additional compound 39 (13 mg, 21 μmol, 1.4 eq) was added and the reaction was placed on a shaker plate for an additional hour. Without additional analytics, piperidine (300 μL) was added and allowed to react for 10 min. The reaction mixture was then directly injected on to a preparative C18-HPLC (10-100% B over 50 min, A=50 mM TEAS, B=MeCN). The fractions were collected and lyophilized to yield compound 41 (4.7 mg, 34%) as a purple-red solid, see FIG. 14. MS (ES+) calculated for (M+H) C₅₁H₆₈N₅O₉S₂*959.45, found m/z 959.76

Example 24 Synthesis of Compound 43

A 5 mL sample vial was charged with amine 41 (2 mg, 2 μmol), DSC (0.8 mg, 3 μmol, 1.5 eq), DIPEA (0.7 μL, 4 μmol, 2 eq), and N,N-dimethylformamide (1.7 mL). The reaction mixture was placed on a shaker for 1 h. Reaction progress was monitored by C18-HPLC (0 to 100% B over 10 min, A=50 mM Acetate Buffer pH 5.2, B=MeCN). Next, nucleotide 42 (6 umol, 3 eq, Ref. US 2013/0137091 A1) in 0.1 Na₂HPO₄ (3.3 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was placed on a shaker overnight. The reaction was next diluted with water and purified by preparative C18-HPLC (0 to 60% B over 70 min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=MeCN) to give the title compound 43 (0.5 μmol, 25%), see FIG. 14. MS (ES−) calculated for (M−H) C₆₇H₈₇N₁₃O₂₂P₃S₂ 1581.47, found m/z 1581.65.

Example 25

In another aspect, the cleavable linker can be compound 45, where the linker is tethered to PA-nucleotides via urea functionality and the disulfide is connected to the dye by a two carbon linker. The resulting nucleotide analogue in such case can be as in compound 49 (dGTP analogue), which can be synthesized according to the FIG. 15. Other nucleotide analogues (e.g. analogues of dATP, dUTP, dCTP) can be synthesized similarly by replacing nucleotide 46 with appropriate PA-nucleotide analogues in the third step of the reaction sequence.

Example 26 Synthesis of Compound 44

A 100 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with 37 (1.00 g, 2.59 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂, molecular sieves and triethylamine (0.72 mL, 5.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature and cooled to 0° C. Sulfuryl chloride (4.40 mL, 4.40 mmol) was added slowly and the resultant mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. TLC analysis using 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes indicated the disappearance of starting material, and a solution of benzenethionosulfonic acid sodium salt (648 mg, 3.89 mmol) in N′,N′-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added in one portion at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at room temperature. Next, N-(trifluoroacetamido)ethanethiol (896 mg, 5.18 mmol) was added in one portion and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The molecular sieves were filtered off and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel using 0-20% ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient, to give the title compound 44 (529 mg, 39%) as a yellowish oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃), see FIG. 15: δ_(H) 7.76 (d, J<7.52 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=7.50 Hz, 2H), 7.40-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 4.42 (d, 2H), 4.21-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.16 (m, 2H) and 1.64-1.40 (m, 6H) ppm.

Example 27 Synthesis of Compound 45

A 25 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with carbamate 44 (100 mg, 0.184 mmol), and 1 mL of 20% piperidine solution in N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, then diluted with acetonitrile (5 mL) and purified via reverse phase preparative HPLC using a 0-30% acetonitrile-TEAB buffer gradient to give the title compound 45 (11 mg, 20%) as a clear oil, see FIG. 15. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ_(H) 4.90 (s, 2H), 3.64-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 2.98-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.82 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.48 (m, 2H) and 1.33-1.30 (m, 2H) ppm.

Example 28 Synthesis of Compound 47

A 5 mL sample vial was charged with amine 45 (0.960 mg, 3.0 μmol), DSC (1.15 mg, 4.5 μmol) and triethylamine (60 μL, 6.0 μmol) and shaken for 2 hours at room temperature. Then a solution consisting of 3 eq of nucleotide 46 in 200 μL (ref. US 2013/0137091 A1) in N,N-dimethylformamide was added. The reaction mixture was placed on a shaker for 12 hours. The reaction was next diluted with TEAB buffer and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC using a 0-30% acetonitrile: 50 mM TEAB buffer gradient to give the title compound 47 (in 14% yield), see FIG. 15. MS (ES−): calculated for (M−H) C₂₆H₃₇F₃N₁₀O₁₆P₃S₂*; 959.10, found m/z 959.24.

Example 29 Synthesis of Compound 48

Nucleotide 47 (1 μmol) was dissolved in TEAB buffer (200 μL of 50 mM aqueous soln.) and treated with 200 μL of ammonium hydroxide (30% aqueous soln.) for 50 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was then diluted with TEAB buffer (1 mL of 1M solution) and distilled water (5 mL). The resulting mixture was purified via C18-HPLC, 0-30% Acetonitrile: 50 mM TEAB buffer gradient to afford the title compound 48 (0.40 μmol 90%), see FIG. 15. MS (ES−): calculated for (M−H) C₂₄H₃₈N₁₀O₁₅P₃S₂; 863.12, found m/z 863.45.

Example 30 Synthesis of Compound 49

An aliquot of compound 48 (0.04 μmols) was dissolved in 0.1 mL distilled water and 0.5M Na₂HPO₄ (20 μL) in a 3 mL eppendorf tube. In a separate tube, 1 mg of ROX-NHS ester (0.168 μmol) was dissolved in 48 μL of dry DMF. This solution was then added to the reaction mixture all at once and stirred at room temperature for 6.0 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 50 mM TEAB (5 mL). The product was purified by C18-HPLC using (O-60% B gradient, A=50 mM TEAB, B=acetonitrile). Compound 49 was obtained after lyophilization of the target fractions (0.03 μmol, 30% yield), see FIG. 15. MS (ES−) calculated for (M−H), C₅₇H₆₇N₁₂O₁₉P₃S₂*1380.33, found 1380.25.

Cleavage Comparison with Regular Disulfide Linked Nucleotides

This new class of nucleotides containing cleavable oxymethylenedisulfide (—OCH₂—SS—) linker, disclosed herein, was compared with regular disulfide (—SS—) linked nucleotide (e.g. nucleotide 50, described in US Pat. Appln. 2013/0137091 [46]) under reducing phosphine based cleavage conditions. A stark difference in these two classes of nucleotides was observed. When labeled nucleotide 50 was exposed to 10 eq of TCEP at 65° C., it generated a number of side products including compound 52 along with the expected product 51 identified by LC-MS (FIG. 16, and FIG. 17, 5 minutes exposure). The proportion of the unwanted side products increased over time (FIG. 18, 15 minutes exposure). Under identical cleavage conditions, the oxymethylenedisulfide linked nucleotide 35 cleanly produced the desired cleavage products, compounds 53 and 54. The methylene thiol segment (—CH₂SH) of the linker was fully eliminated from the nucleotide upon cleavage of the disulfide group (FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, 5 minutes exposure). In addition, a prolonged exposure to TCEP did not generate further side products as revealed by LC-MS (FIG. 22, 15 minutes exposure). Therefore, this new class of nucleotides could offer significant advantages in the use of DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) by eliminating side reactions Inherent to the presence of a thiol group as shown in FIG. 4.

Example 31 Synthesis of Compound 57

In another embodiment, the 3′-OH group of the nucleotides can be capped with —CH₂—SS-Et or —CH₂—SS-Me, and the fluorophore dyes are attached to the nucleobases via one of the cleavable —OCH₂—SS— linkers described earlier (e.g. as in compound 35, 43, and 49).

The synthesis of PA nucleotides with 3′-OCH₂—SS-Et and —OCH₂—SS-Me, can be achieved according to FIG. 10 and FIG. 22, respectively. The difference in the synthesis of 3′-OCH₂—SS-Me analogues from that of 3′-OCH₂—SS-Et (FIG. 10) is the replacement of mercaptoethanol (EtSH) by methanethiol or sodium thiomethoxide at the appropriate step as shown in FIG. 22. The —OCH₂—SS-Me group is the smallest structure among all possible 3′-O—CH₂—SS—R analogues. Therefore, nucleotide analogues with 3′-OCH₂—SS-Me capping group should perform better than those of other analogues in terms of enzymatic incorporation rates and cleavability by reducing agents such as TCEP.

Next, the resultant PA-nucleotide (e.g. 57) can be coupled to the appropriate cleavable —OCH₂—SS— linkers, and finally to fluorophore dye as shown in the FIG. 23 using the activated linker 32. And other nucleotides with differing dyes can be synthesized similarly using the appropriate PA-nucleotides (e.g. PA analogues of dATP, dGTP, dCTP) and NHS activated dyes (Alexa488-NHS, ROX-NHS, Cy5-NHS ester etc.) achieving nucleotide analogues labeled with different fluorophore reporting groups.

Example 32

Nucleotide analogues with different linker can be achieved following the protocols described, as shown in in the synthesis of compounds 60 and 61 (FIG. 24).

Diverse sets of 3′-OCH₂—SS-Et and 3′-OCH₂—SS-Me nucleotides with cleavable linkers —OCH₂—SS—, but differing in the chain lengths and substitution at the α-carbons can be synthesized similarly. The resulting classes of nucleotides are shown in the FIG. 25, FIG. 26, and FIG. 27. Among nucleotides shown in the FIG. 25, the cleavable linker is flanked by stabilizing gem-dimethyl group attached to flexible ethylene-glycol linker and attached to PA-nucleobase via carbamate functional group (—NH—C(C═O)—O—), while in FIG. 26, the carbamate group is replaced by urea group (—NH—C(C═O)—NH—). On the other hand, among nucleotides shown in FIG. 27, the disulfide group is attached to primary carbon chain, and tethered to the PA-nucleobase by urea functional group.

Example 33 Synthesis of Compound 64

A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with compound 62 (3.0 g, 4.58 mmol), 25 mL dry CH₂Cl₂, 3-Å molecular sieves (5.0 g) and cyclohexene (0.55 mL, 5.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-bath and SO₂Cl₂ (6.8 mL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 1.5 eq) was added slowly via a syringe, and stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. Next, an extra 0.5 eq of SO₂Cl₂ were added to ensure complete conversion to compound 63. The volatiles were removed under vacuum while keeping the temperature close to 10° C. The resulting solid was re-suspended in 20 mL of dry DMF and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere.

In a separate flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (2.45 g, 11.44 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (30 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, and treated with NaH (274.5 mg, 60% in oil) producing a grey slurry. To this, compound 63 was added at once and stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite®-S (20 g) in a funnel eluting the product with EtOAc (100 mL). The EtOAc solution was then washed with distilled water (2×100 mL). The EtOAc extract was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and purified by flash chromatography (column: 120 g RediSepRfGold, gradient: 80% Hex to 50 Hex:EtOAc), See FIG. 43. The target compound (64) was obtained as white solid (1.2 g, 32% yield, R_(f): 0.4, Hex:EtOAc/3:2). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δH 8.13 (m, 3H), 7.43 (m, 1H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 6.12 (m, 1H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, 3H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.60 (m, 13H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 9H), and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm.

Example 34 Synthesis of Compound 65

Compound 64 (1.2 g 1.46 mmol) was dried under high vacuum with P₂O₅ in a desiccator overnight and dissolved In 30 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ in a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. To this was added dimethyldisulfide (0.657 mL, 7.3 mmol), and the reaction flask was placed on an ice-bath. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF, 316mg, 1.1 eq) was then added and stirred for 1.5 hr at 0° C. The reaction mixture was transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel and neutralized with 50 mL of 0.1M aq. solution of NaHCO₃, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). See FIG. 43. The organic portion was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified on a silica gel column (80 g RediSepRf gold) using gradient 80-50% Hex-EtOAc to result in 0.82 g of compound 65 (82% yield, R_(f)=0.5, Hex:EtOAc/3:2). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δH 8.15 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 6.11 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.67 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 9H), and 0.10 (m, 6H) ppm.

Example 35 Synthesis of Compound 66

A round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer was charged with compound 65 (0309 g, 0.45 mmol) and 10.0 mL dry CH₂Cl₂ (10.0 mL) and placed on an ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. TBAF (0.72 mL, 0.72 mmol, in 1M solution) was added slowly via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel and quenched with 0.5 M NaHCO₃ solution (50 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. The product 66 was obtained as a white powder after silica gel column chromatography in 76% yield (196 mg, R_(f)=0.3, Hex:EtOAc/1:1) on a 40 g RediSepRf column using gradient 7:3 to 2:3 Hex:EtOAc. See FIG. 43. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δH 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 2H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 6.21 (m, 1H), 4.90-80 (m, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.85 (m, 2H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H) and 2.31 (m, 1H) ppm.

The product 67 was obtained after phosphorylation of compound 66 (confirmed by LC-MS m/z (M−H) 611.19 for C₁₄H₂₃N₄O₁₃P₃S₂ for 67) via standard triphosphate synthesis method (see the synthesis of compound 5 for detail and see FIG. 8). It was further converted to dye labeled products according to procedure described for compounds presented in FIG. 13, FIG. 14, and FIG. 15.

Example 36 Synthesis of Compound 70

Compound 68 (7.3 g, 13.8 mmol) was dried in a desiccator overnight and dissolved in anhydrous DCM (70 mL) in a dry 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stirbar and rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂. Cyclohexene (1.54 mL, 15.2 mmol, 1.1 equiv) and dry 3-Å molecular sieves (16.6 g) were added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension was stirred for 20 min at 0° C. in an ice-water bath. Next, SO₂Cl₂ (1 M solution in DCM, 32.7 mL, 2.36 eqiv) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Reaction progress was monitored by the disappearance of the starting material via TLC (100% EtOAc). Once the SO₂Cl₂ activation was complete, a mixture of (MeO)₃BnSH (7.4 g, 34.5 mmol, 2.5 eqiv) and NaH (1.32 g, 33.12 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) in DMF (120 mL) was prepared and rapidly added in one portion. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo at 40° C. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes gradient 15 mins, followed by 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes for 45 mins) afforded the desired compound 70 (4.2 g, 43.7% yield) as a clear oil. See FIG. 44. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 6.41 (m, 1H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.73 (m, 13H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 0.81 (s, 9H) and 0.002 (d, 6H) ppm.

Example 37 Synthesis of Compound 71

Compound 70 (2 g, 2.87 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (38 mL) in a 200 mL round bottom flask equipped with stirbar and a rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled on an ice-water bath. To this mixture was added dimethyldisulfide (13 mL, 14.36 mmol, 5 equiv), followed by addition of DMTSF (620 mg, 3.15 mmol, 1.1 equiv) as a solution in DCM (20 mL), in one portion. The resulting mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and then stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (100 mL), extracted with DCM (150 mL×2) and EtOAc (200 mL) dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes gradient 15 mins, followed by 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes for 45 mins) afforded the desired compound 71 (1 g, 62% yield) as a white powder. See FIG. 44. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.94 (m, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 6.41 (m, 1H), 4.82 (m, 2H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.77 (m, 2H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s, 9H) and 0.00 (d, 6H) ppm.

Example 38 Synthesis of Compound 72

Compound 71 (562 mg, 1.25 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (30 mL) in a 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stirbar and rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled on an ice-water bath. TBAF (1.5 mL of 1 M soln. In THF, 1.5 equiv) was then added dropwise and stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC (100% ethyl acetate R_(f) for compound 72=0.205, R_(f) for compound 71=0.627). Upon reaction completion methanol (5 mL) was added, the reaction was concentrated on the rotary and the residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes gradient 15 mins, followed by 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes for 45 mins) to afford the desired compound 72 (280 mg, 62% yield) as white powder. See FIG. 44. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 6.25 (m, 1H), 4.83 (m, 2H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 2.99 (m, 1H),2.43 (s, 3H) and 2.41 (m, 1H) ppm.

Compound 72 was then converted to triphosphate 73 following standard triphosphate synthesis described earlier (see the synthesis of compound S in FIG. 8).

Example 39 Synthesis of Compound 108

A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a stirbar was charged with 1,4-butanediol (18.3 g, 203.13 mmol) in 100 mL of anhydrous pyridine and cooled to 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, tert-Butyldiphenylsilylchloride (13.8 mL, 70 mmol) was then added dropwise via syringe, the reaction was allowed to gradually warm to room temperature and stirring continued at rt for 12 h. The volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation and the residue absorbed onto 80 grams of silica gel. Purification via flash column chromatography on silica gel using 30 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient resulted in 4-O-(tert-butyldipbenylsilyl)-butane-1-ol, 108(13.7 g, 59.5% yield, R_(f)=0.7 with 1:1/hexanes:ethyl acetate, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.70 (m, 4H), 7.40 (m, 6H), 3.75 (m, 2H), 3.65 (2H, m), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.09 (m, 9H.) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 40 Synthesis of Compound 109

A 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and was charged with compound 108 (6.07 g, 18.5 mmol) and 90 mL anhydrous DMSO. Acetic acid (15 mL) and acetic anhydride (50 mL) were sequentially added and the reaction was stirred for 20 h at room temperature, transferred to a separatory funnel and partitioned between 300 mL distilled water and 300 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was then transferred to a 1 L beaker and neutralized using a saturated aqueous K₂CO₃ solution (500 mL). The organic layer was washed with distilled water (3×300 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified via flash column chromatography on a silica gel (hexanes:ethyl acetate/97:3 to 90:10) to obtain 4-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-1-O-(methylthiomethyl)-butane, 109 (5.15 g, 71.7% yield, R_(f)=0.8 in 9:1/hexanes:ethyl acetate ). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.70 (m, 4H,), 7.40 (m, 6H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 3.70 (m, 2H), 3.50 (m, 2H,), 2.15 (s, 2H), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.08 (m, 9H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 41 Synthesis of Compound 110

A 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirbar was charged with compound 109 (15.5 g, 40 mmol), anhydrous dichloromethane (450 mL), 3 Å molecular sieves (80 g) and triethylamine (5.6 mL) and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min under a nitrogen atmosphere. Next, SO₂Cl₂ (64 mL of 1 M soln. in dichloromethane) was added slowly via syringe and stirred for 1 h at 0° C. Ice bath was then removed and a solution of potassium-thiotosylate (10.9 g, 48.1 mmol) in 20 mL anhydrous DMF was added at once. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 min at room temperature, added at once to a 2 L round bottom flask containing a solution of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol (4.4 mL, 36 mmol) in DMF (20 mL). The reaction was stirred for 30 min at room temperature, and then filtered through celite-S. The product was partitioned between equal amounts of ethyl acetate and water. The organic extracts were washed with distilled water in a separatory funnel, followed by concentrating the crude product by rotary evaporation. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate:hexanes gradient gave the title compound 110 (5.6 g, 26%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.67-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.47 (m, 6H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 3.81 (t, J=6.73 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (t, J=6.21 Hz, 2H), 3.59 (t, J=6.55, 2H), 1.90 (t J=6.95 Hz, 2H), 1.58-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.34 (s, 6H), and 1.07 (s, 9H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 42 Synthesis of Compound 111

A 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 110 (5.1 g, 10.36 mmol), anhydrous pyridine (100 mL) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (3.36 g, 20.7 mmol) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and poured into a solution of 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (7.6 mL, 51.8 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (50 mL). Stirring continued for 1 h and the volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting crude was purified via flash column chromatography on silica gel using (0-15% methanol in CH₂Cl₂) to furnish compound 111 (4.4 g, 65% yield), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.63-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.34-7.44 (m, 6H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (t, J=6.16 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (s, 4H), 3.49-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.31-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.88 (m, 2H), 1.9 (t, J=7.06 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.31 (s, 6H) and 1.03 (s, 9H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 43 Synthesis of Compound 113

A 50 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 111 (0.94 g, 1.42 mmol), anhydrous THF (40 mL) and of TBAF (1.6 mL of 1 M soln, in THF, 1.6 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.0 h at 0° C., during which time LC-MS showed complete removal of the TBDPS protecting group. After removing the volatiles on the rotary, the product was purified via flash chromatography on silica gel (0-5% methanol in dichloromethane gradient, to give pure compound 112 (0.284 g, 47% yield), MS (ES+) calculated for (M+H) 429.21, observed m/z 429.18.

Next, compound 112 (0.217 g, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (13 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to 0° C., DIPEA (97.7 μL, 0.56 mmol) and Fmoc-NHS ester (273.6 mg, 0.81 mmol) were added and the reaction stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using 50 to 90% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient, produced a semi-pure product, which was further purified via column chromatography on silica gel using 2-5% methanol in CH₂Cl₂ gradient to furnish compound 113 (0.245 g, 74% yield), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.70 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.32 (2H, m), 7.24 (2H, m), 4.69 (2H, s), 4.35 (2H, m), 4.16 (1H, m), 4.09 (2H, m), 3.60-3.45 (12H, m), 3.36-3.26 (4H, m), 1.82 (2H, m), 1.60 (4H, m) and 1.22 (6H, s) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 44 Synthesis of Compound 114

A 50 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 7 (170 mg, 0.26 mmol), anhydrous acetonitrile (15 mL), DSC (100 mg, 0.39 mmol) and DPIEA (68 μL, 0.39 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and additional DSC (100 mg, 0.39 mmol) and DIPEA (68 μL, 0.39 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Reaction progress was followed by TLC (R_(f)=0.4 for starting material, product R_(f)=0.8 in 9:1/ethyl acetate:hexanes). The volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation, and the residue remaining was purified via 3-successive silica gel columns using hexanes-ethyl acetate gradient to give compound 114 (121 mg, 59% yield), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.81 (m,2H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=7.65 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (m, 2H), 4.18 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 10H), 3.39 (m, 4H), 2.84 (s, 4H), 1.88 (m, 4H), 1.73 (m, 4H), and 1.32 (s, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 53.

Example 45 Synthesis of Compound 117

A 500 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 68 (7.3 g, 13.8 mmol, pre-dried in a desiccator overnight), anhydrous dichloromethane (70 mL), cyclohexene (1.54 mL, 15.2 mmol) and 3-Å molecular sieves (16.6 g) and the resulting suspension was stirred for 20 min at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. Next, SO₂Cl₂ (1 M solution in dichloromethane, 32.7 mL, 2.36 equiv) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Reaction progress was monitored via TLC for disappearance of the starting material (100% ethyl acetate). Once the SO₂Cl₂ activation was complete, a mixture of (MeO)₃BnSH (7.4 g, 34.5 mmol, 2.5 eqiv) and NaH (1.32 g, 33.12 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) In DMF (120 mL) was prepared and rapidly added in one portion. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo at 40° C. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel using 0 to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient afforded the desired compound 70 (4.2 g, 43.7% yield) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR(CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 6.41 (m, 1H), 6.03 (s, 2H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.73 (m, 13H), 2.52 (m, 2H), 0.81 (s, 9H) and 0.002 (d, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 54.

Example 46 Synthesis of Compound 71

A 200 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 117 (2.0 g, 2.87 mmol) and dichloromethane (38 mL) under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled on an ice-water bath. To this mixture was added dimethyldisulfide (1.3 mL, 14.36 mmol, 5 equiv), followed by addition of DMTSF (620 mg, 3.15 mmol, 1.1 equiv) as a solution in dichloromethane (20 mL). The resulting mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction was then quenched by addition of a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (100 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (150 mL×2) and ethyl acetate (200 mL) dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient) gave the desired compound 71 (1.0 g, 62%) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.94 (m, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.42 (m, 2H), 6.41 (m, 1H), 4.82 (m, 2H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.77 (m, 2H), 2.61 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 0.81 (s, 9H) and 0.00 (d, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 54.

Example 47 Synthesis of Compound 119

Compound 71 (562 mg, 1.25 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (30 mL) in a round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled on an ice-water bath. TBAF (1.5 mL of 1 M soln. in THF, 1.5 equiv) was then added dropwise and stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC (100% ethyl acetate R_(f) for compound 119=0.2, R_(f) for compound 71=0.6). Upon reaction completion methanol (5 mL) was added, the reaction was concentrated on the rotary and the residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 60% ethyl acetate:hexanes gradient 15 mins, followed by 60% ethyl acetate in hexanes for 45 mins) to afford the desired compound 119 (280 mg, 62% yield) as white powder, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95 (rn, 2H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.44 (m, 2H), 6.25 (m, 1H), 4.83 (m, 2H), 4.70 (m, 1H), 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 1H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H) and 2.41 (m, 1H) ppm.

Compound 119 was then converted to triphosphate 120 using the standard triphosphate synthesis method vide infra, except the de-protection was carried out by treating with 10% NH₄OH for 5 h at room temperature to minimize —SSMe cleavage. Yield 25%; HRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₁₂H₂₀N₅O₁₂P₃S₂ 582.976, observed m/z 582.975. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 54.

Example 48 Synthesis of Compound 123

Compound 121 (2.5 g, 4.94 mmol) was dried in a desiccator overnight and dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (25 mL) in a dry round bottom flask equipped with a stirbar and rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂. Cyclohexene (0.55 mL, 1.1 equiv) and dry 3-Å molecular sieves (6.0 g) were added to the reaction mixture and the resulting suspension was stirred for 20 min at room temperature. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-salt-water bath to bring the temperature to sub-zero and SO₂Cl₂ (7.4 mL, 1 M solution in dichloromethane) was added slowly with a syringe. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h followed by addition of 0.5 equivalents of SO₂Cl₂ to bring the reaction to completion. Reaction progress was monitored via TLC by the disappearance of the starting material. Next, a suspension of (MeO)₃BnSH (2.65 g, 12.35 mmol, 2.5 eqiv) and NaH (0.472 g, 11.85 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) in DMF (40 mL) was prepared in a separate flask. The reaction mixture was combined and slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a glass sintered funnel to remove MS, the filtrate was quenched by addition of 50 mM aqueous NaH₂PO₄ solution (50 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel using hexanes:ethyl acetate gradient gave the desired compound 123 (1.4 g, 42.2% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.29 (m, 1H), 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 5.99 (m, 2H), 4.55 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.69 (m, 9H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.97 (m, 1H), 0.80 (m, 9H) and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 55.

Example 49 Synthesis of Compound 124

Compound 123 (1.4 g, 2.08 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (42 mL) in a 200 mL round bottom flask equipped with stirbar and a rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled to at 0° C. To this mixture was added dimethyldisulfide (0.93 mL, 10.4 mmol, 5 equiv), followed by addition of DMTSF (450 mg, 2.28 mmol, 1.1 equiv). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by addition 50 mM NaHCO₃ (100 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (100 mL×2) and dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (eluted with 0 to 30% ethyl acetate in dichloromethane gradient to afford the desired compound 124 (0.93 g, 83.1%) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.48 (m, 1H), 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.47 (m, 1H), 7.37 (m, 2H) 6.00 (m, 1H), 4.73 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.07 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 3H), 2.25 (m, 1H), 0.76 (m, 9H) and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 55.

Example 50 Synthesis of Compound 125

Compound 124 (930 mg, 1.73 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (52 mL) in a 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stirbar and rubber septum under an atmosphere of N₂ and cooled to 0° C. on an ice-water bath. TBAF (3.5 mL of 1 M soln. in THF, 1.5 equiv) was then added drop-wise and stirred at 0° C. for 4 h. Upon reaction completion methanol (5 mL) was added to quench the reaction, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel (0 to 75% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient) to afford the desired compound 125 (425 mg, 58% yield) as white powder. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.24 (m, 1H), 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.41 (m, 2H), 6.09 (m, 1H), 4.80 (m, 2H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 3H) and 2.41 (m, 1H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 55.

Example 51 Synthesis of Compound 126

Compound 125 was then converted to triphosphate 126 using the standard triphosphate synthesis procedure vide infra; the final de-protection step was carried out by treating with 10% NH₄OH for 2 h at room temperature to minimize —SSMe cleavage. 30% yield, HR MS-ES*: calculated for C₁₁H₂₀N₃O₁₃P₃S₂, 558.965; observed m/z 558.964. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 55.

Example 52 Synthesis of Compound 130

A 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with 127 (2.0 g, 2.8 mmol) and dried in a desiccator over P₂O₅ under high vacuum for 12 h. Dichloromethane (40 mL) was added under N₂ and the resulting solution cooled on a salt-ice bath for 15 minutes. Cyclohexene (0.34 mL, 3.4 mmol) was added, followed by dropwise addition of SO₂Cl₃ (3.4 mL, 1 M soln. in dichloromethane, 3.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC (ethyl acetate:hexanes/1:1, 127 R_(f)=0.5, 128 R_(f)=0.15 for —CH₂Cl decomposed product). Additional SO₂Cl₂ (3.1 mL, 1 M solo, in dichloromethane, 3.1 mmol) was added drop-wise and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 40 minutes to ensure complete conversion to compound 128. This mixture was then concentrated under high vacuum at 0° C.

Anhydrous dichloromethane (40 mL) was then added to the residue under N₂ and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. until all solids dissolved. A solution of potassium p-toluenethiosulfonate (0.96 g, 425 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added slowly and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. The mixture was first concentrated under reduced pressure at 0° C., and then at room temperature. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel column using 0 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient to give compound 130 as a cream solid (1.1 g, 51%: TLC R_(f): 0.35, ethyl acetate:hexanes 2:1), MS (ES) m/z: 733 [M+1⁺]. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ_(H) 8.02 (br.s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (m, 4H), 7.38 (m, 6H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 6.01 (t, J=6.6 Hz 1H), 5.46 & 5.38 (AB, J_(AB)=42.1 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (M, 1H), 3.86 (M, 1H), 3.74 (dd, J=12.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=12.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 56.

Example 53 Synthesis of Compound 131

To a solution of 130 (1.1 g 1.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (anhydrous, 40 mL) cooled in on an ice-water bath was added dimethyldisulfide (0.66 mL, 7.5 mmol) under N₂. The resulting mixture was stirred for 15 min and NaSMe (0.23 g, 3.3 mmol) was added in one portion. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 4 h (the reaction progress was monitored by TLC (ethyl acetate:hexanes/2:1 , 130 R_(f)=0.35, 131 R_(f)=0.45). The mixture was filtered through Celite-S and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel column, eluted with ethyl acetate in hexanes (0˜100%)) to afford compound 131 as a white solid (0.68 g, 75%; TLC R_(f): 0.45, Ethyl acetate/hexanes/2:1). MS (ES) m/z: 625 [M+1⁺]. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.02 (s, 1H), 8.00 (br. s, 1H), 7.45 (m, 4H), 7.39 (m, 4H), 7.28 (m, 2H), 6.24 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (m, 1H), 4.99 & 4.94 (AB, J_(AB)=11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=12.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (dd, J=12.5, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.30 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H) and 1.29 (m, 3H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 56.

Example 54 Synthesis of Compound 132

Compound 131 was then converted to triphosphate 132 via standard triphosphate synthesis method described in standard method section. 25% yield; HRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₁₂H₂₀N₅O₁₃P₃S₂, 598.971, observed m/z 598.970. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 55.

Example 55 Synthesis of Compound 134

Compound 133 (4.47 g, 10.7 mmol) and (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (TMPM-SH) were dried under high vacuum for 2 h and then placed in a desiccator with P₂O₅ for 12 h. Compound 133 was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (50.0 mL) and cyclohexene (10 mL, 96.6 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at −10° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. Next a freshly prepared solution of 1 M SO₂Cl₂ in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL, 26.75 mmol) was added drop-wise via addition funnel, and the resulting mixture stirred for 1 hour at −10° C. The volatiles were removed in vacuo while keeping the bath temperature at 10° C. The residue was then dissolved In anhydrous DMF (52 mL) and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere.

In a separate flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (4 g, 18.7 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (48 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled to 0° C. NaH (1.1 g, 26.8 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) was then added and the resulting grey slurry was stirred for 15 minutes at 0° C. It was added to the former solution in one portion and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned in a reparatory funnel (150:300 mL/brine:ethyl acetate). The organic layer was then washed with brine (2×150 mL). The aqueous layer was back-extracted (4×50 mL ethyl acetate). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed and product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel column (column: 120 g RediSepRfGold-ISCO, gradient 0-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes). The target compound 134 was obtained as white solid in 22% yield (1.35 g). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 6.30 (m, 1H), 6.12 (s, 2H), 4.71 (dd, 2H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.83 (m, 9H), 3.74(dd, 1H), 2.74 (ddd, 1H), 2.34 (ddd, 1H), 1.93 (m, 2H) 1.53 (s, 3H), 0.93 (m, 9H), 0.11(m, 6H) ppm. LCMS (ESI) [M−H⁺] observed 581, R_(f)=0.59 (4:6/hexanes-ethyl acetate). And compound 135 was also isolated as a side product in 22.5% yield (1.13 g). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.41 (m, 1H), 6.12 (M, 3H), 4.76 (dd, 2H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.82 (m, 9H), 3.75(m, 1H), 2.29 (m, 2H), 2.04 (s, 3H) and 1.91 (m, 2H) ppm. LCMS (ESI) [M−H⁺] observed 467. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 57.

Example 56 Synthesis of Compound 136

Compound 134 (3.6 g, 6.2 mmol) in a 100 mL round bottom flask was dried under high vacuum for 2 h and then placed in a vacuum desiccator with P₂O₅ for 12 h. Anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (96 mL) and dimethyldisulfide (2.8 mL, 30.9 mmol) were added, and the reaction cooled to 0° C., Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF, 1.34 g, 6.82 mmol) was then added and the reaction stirred for 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was next transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel and neutralized with 90 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution of NaHCO₃, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL). Combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated on the rotary. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column using 30-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient. The target compound 136 was obtained as white solid (2.1 g, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 6.29(dd, 1H), 4.87 (dd, 2H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.45 (dd, 1H), 2.04 (dd, 1H) and 1.54 (s, 2H), 0.93 (m, 9H) and 0.13 (m, 6H) ppm. LCMS (ESI) [M−H⁺] observed 447.0. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 57.

Example 57 Synthesis of Compound 137

Compound 136 (2.16 g, 4.8 mmol) in a 100 mL round bottom flask dried under high vacuum for 2 h, was dissolved in anhydrous THF (40 mL) followed by addition of acetic acid (1.2 mL) and TBAF in THF (6.7 mL of 1 M solution, 6.72 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. and then for 2 additional hours at room temperature. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue purified via flash chromatography on 40 g RediSepRf gold column using 0-8% Methanol in dichloromethane gradient. The target compound 137 was obtained as white solid (1.45 g, 90% yield), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, 1H), 6.11(t, 1H), 4.87 (dd, 2H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.14 (q, 1H), 3.94 (dd, 1H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.4(m, 2H), 1.93 (s, 3H) ppm; LCMS (ESI) [M−H⁺] observed 333. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 57.

Example 58 Synthesis of Compound 138

The product 138 was obtained after phosphorylation of compound 137 using the standard triphosphate synthesis method vide infra. 40% yield, HR LC-MS: calculated for C₁₂H₂₁N₂O₁₄P₃S₂, 573.965; observed m/z 573.964. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 57.

Example 59 Synthesis of Compound 141

A 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 139 (2.23 g, 3.55 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), 3-Å molecular sieves (3.5 g) and cyclohexene (0.60 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. and SO₂Cl₂ (5.4 mL, 1 M in CH₂Cl₂, 1.5 equiv) were added slowly via a syringe. The reaction was stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C. and an additional 1.8 mL of SO₂Cl₂ (1 M soln. in dichloromethane) was added and stirring continued for 40 minutes at 0° C. to ensure complete conversion to compound 140. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure while keeping the bath temperature close to 10° C. The resulting solid was re-suspended in 20 mL of anhydrous DMF and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere.

In a separate flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (1.98 g, 9.25 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) and treated with NaH (247 mg, 60% in mineral oil, 6.17 mM) producing a dark grey slurry. Next, compound 140 solution was added in one portion and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between distilled water (150 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL). The organic layer was further washed with distilled water (2×150 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel column using 80 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient. The target compound 141 was obtained as white solid (798 mg, 28%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 6.53 (m, 2H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.32 (m, 2H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 11H), 3.10 (m, 6H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 2.24 (m, 1H), 0.80 (m, 9H) and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm. Further confirmed by LC-MS: observed m/s 795.25 for (M−H). The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 58.

Example 60 Synthesis of Compound 142

A 100 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 141 (0.779 gm, 0.98 mmol, vacuum dried over P₂O₅ for 12 h) and dry THF (20.0 mL), and cooled to 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. TBAF (1.17 mL, 1M solution in THF, 1.17 mmol) was added slowly via a syringe and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C. Next, an additional TBAF (1 mL, 1M solution in THF, 1 mmol) was added and reacted for 3 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel and quenched by addition of methanol (5 mL), distilled water (100 mL) was added and the reaction extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The organics were dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatography of the residue on silica gel using 80-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient afforded compound 142 as a white powder (525 mg, 79%). ¹H NMR (Methanol-d4): δ_(H) 8.33 (s, 1H), 7.19 (m, 1H), 6.06(m, 2H), 6.03 (m, 1H), 4.72 (m, 2H), 4.64(m, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 9H), 3.16 (m, 6H), 2.80 (m, 1H) and 2.28 (m, 1H) ppm; LC-MS: M−H observed m/z 680.0. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 58.

Example 61 Synthesis of Compound 143

Compound 143 was synthesized from compound 142 via standard triphosphate synthesis procedure described in the standard methods section. Yield 65%, LRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₂₅H₃₃N₅O₁₅P₃S—, 768.09; observed m/z 768.54 (M−H). The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 58.

Example 62 Synthesis of Compound 144

A 50 mL conical tube was charged with compound 143 (3.80 ml. of 5.25 mM soln, in HPLC grade water, 20 μmols) and pH 4.65 acetate buffer (4.75 mL), and quickly combined with 9.0 mL of freshly prepared DMTSF (80 mM) solution in pH 4.65 acetate buffer. The resulting mixture was shaken at room temperature for 2 h and quenched by addition of saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (2 mL). The product was immediately purified on preparative HPLC (column: 30×250mm C₁₈ Sunfire, method: 0 to 2.0 min 100% A, followed by 50% B over 70 min, flow: 25 mL/min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=acetonitrile). The appropriate fractions were lyophilized and combined after dissolving in HPLC grade water to furnish 23.4 umols of compound 144 (73% yield). LRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₁₆H₂₃N₅O₁₂P₃S₂—, 634.00, m/z observed 634.42 for (M−H). The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 58.

Compound 144 was converted to dye labeled product (76) according to procedure described in standard methods section (FIG. 59). Compound 146 was obtained in 75% yield in two steps, LRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₃₄H₅₉N₇O₁₉P₃S₄, 1090.20, m/z observed 1090.24 for (M+H). Compound 76 was obtained in 50-70% yield from 146. HRMS-ES⁺: calculated for C₆₇H₈₆N₉O₂₃P₃S₄, 1605.393; observed m/z 1605.380 for (M−H).

Example 63 Synthesis of Compound 150

A 250 mL round bottom flask was charged with compound 148 (3.0 g, 4.58 mmol), 25 mL dry CH₂Cl₂, 3-Å molecular sieves (5.0 g) and cyclohexene (0.55 mL, 5.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-bath, SO₂Cl₂ (6.8 mL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 1.5 eq) was added slowly via a syringe, and the reaction stirred for 1 h at 0° C. Next, an extra 0.5 eq of SO₂Cl₂ was added to ensure complete conversion to compound 149. The volatiles were removed under vacuum while keeping the temperature close to 10° C. The resulting solid was re-suspended in 20 mL of dry DMF and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere.

In a separate flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (2.45 g, 11.44 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (30 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, and treated with NaH (274.5 mg, 60% in silicon oil) producing a grey slurry. To this, compound 149 was added at once and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite®-S washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The ethyl acetate solution was washed with distilled water (2×100 mL), the organic extract was dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated in vacuo and purified via flash column chromatography on silica gel column using 20 to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient. The target compound 150 was obtained as white solid (1.2 g, 32% yield, R_(f): 0.4, hexanes:ethyl acetate/3:2), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.13 (m, 3H), 7.43 (m, 1H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 6.12 (m, 1H), 6.00 (s, 2H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, 3H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.60 (m, 13H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.84 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 9H), and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 60.

Example 64 Synthesis of compound 151

Compound 150 (1.2 g 1.46 mmol) was dried under high vacuum with P₂O₅ in a desiccator overnight and dissolved in 30 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ in a 100 mL flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar. To this was added dimethyldisulfide (0.657 mL, 7.3 mmol), and the reaction flask was placed on an ice-bath. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF, 316 mg, 1.1 eq) was added and stirred for 1.5 hr at 0° C. The reaction mixture was transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel and neutralized with 50 mL of 0.1 M aq. solution of NaHCO₃, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified on a silica gel column using gradient 80-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes gradient to result in 0.82 g of compound 151 (82% yield, R_(F)=0.5, hexanes:ethyl acetate/3:2). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.15 (m, 3H), 7.42 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 6.11 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.28 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 1H), 3.83-3.67 (m, 2H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 9H), and 0.10 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 60.

Example 65 Synthesis of Compound 152

A 100 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 151 (0.309 g, 0.45 mmol), and 10.0 mL dry THF (10.0 mL) and placed on an ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere. TBAF (0.72 mL, 1 M soln. in THF, 0.72 mmol) was added slowly via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel and quenched with 0.5 M aqueous soln, of NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The resulting mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. The product 152 was obtained as a white powder after silica gel column chromatography in 76% yield (196 mg, R_(f)=0.3, hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1) on silica gel column using gradient 7:3 to 2:3 hexanes:ethyl acetate. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 2H), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 6.21 (m, 1H), 4.90-80 (m, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.85 (m, 2H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H) and 2.31 (m, 1H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 60.

Example 66 Synthesis of Compound 153

Compound 153 was obtained after phosphorylation of compound 152 in 30% yield using the standard triphosphate synthesis method vide infra (LC-MS: calculated for C₁₄H₂₃N₄O₁₃P₃S₂, 610.98; observed m/z 611.11 (M−H). It was further converted to dye labeled product (72) according to procedure described in standard method section (FIG. 61). Compound 155 was obtained in 49% yield in two steps, and compound 72 in 60-85% yield, HRMS-ES⁻: calculated C₅₃H₆₈N₈O₃₀P₃S₆*, 1581.156 (M−H); found m/z 1582.160.

Example 67 Synthesis of Compounds 159 & 160

A 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 157 (2.04 g, 2.39 mmol) and was dried on high vacuum over 12 h. After flushing the reaction vessel with argon, 13 mL anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ and cyclohexanesene (0.30 mL, 2.86 mmol) were added sequentially. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-water-salt hath and stirred for 10 min to bring the mixture below 0° C. SO₂Cl₂ (4.0 mL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 4.0 mmol) was added drop-wise via a syringe over 2 min, and the reaction mixture stirred for 1 h at 0° C. An additional 0.8 equiv. of SO₂Cl₂ (2.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) was added drop-wise over 1 min and the reaction was stirred for an additional ½ h at 0° C. Next, the volatiles were removed in vacuo while keeping the bath temperature at ˜10° C. The resulting solid was re-suspended in 15 mL of dry DMF and kept under an argon atmosphere.

In a separate 100 mL flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (TMPM-SH, 1.27 g, 6.0 mmol, vacuum dried overnight) was dissolved in dry DMF (16 mL) under argon atmosphere and treated with NaH (195 mg, 60% in oil, 4.88 mmol) producing a grey slurry TMPMT-SNa salt. The mixture was stirred until gas formation subsided (Ca. 10 min), To this, TMPMT-SNa salt was added at once and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under argon atmosphere until TLC (micro-workup: dichloromethane/water; solvent: hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1) confirmed complete conversion (1 h). The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite®-S (10 g) in a filtration funnel eluting the product with dichloromethane (100 mL). The dichloromethane solution was then washed with water (3×100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 3×100 mL dichloromethane. Combined dichloromethane extract was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. It was then purified by flash chromatography (column: 100 g, gradient: 25%-50% hexanes:ethyl acetate 5 CV, then 50% EE 10 CV). The target compound was obtained as a white foam (1.22 g, 51% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ_(H) 10.63 (s, 1H), 10.15 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.3-7.5 (m, 8H), 7.20-7.3 (m, 2H), 6.40 (m, 1H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 4.69 (m, 2H), 4.50 (dd, 1H), 4.30 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 11H), 3.3 (m, 4H), 2.7 (m, 1H), 1.05 (m, 8H), 0.8 (m, 9H) and 0.11 (m, 6H) ppm. LCMS: 1019.371 Da. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 62.

Additionally, the TBDMS-deprotected product 159 was obtained as a side product in 25% yield (0.48 g). R_(f)=0.2/hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ_(H) 10.63 (s, 1H), 10.15 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.3-7.5 (m, 8H), 7.20-7.3 (m, 2H), 6.40 (m, 1H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 4.69 (m, 2H), 4.50 (dd, 1H), 4.30 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 11H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.3 (m, 4H), 2.7 (m, 1H), and 1.04 (m, 8H) ppm. LCMS: 905.286 Da.

Example 68 Synthesis of Compound 161

A 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and rubber septum was charged with compound 160 (0.36 g, 0.35 mmol) and dried for 12 h on high vacuum. After flushing with argon, 7 mL dry dichloromethane and dimethyldisulfide (0.16 mL, 1.76 mmol) were added. The reaction flask was placed on an ice-bath and stirred for 10 min to bring the mixture to 0° C. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF, 80 mg, 0.4 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred for at 0° C. until TLC (micro-workup: dichloromethane/water; solvent: Hexanes:Ethyl acetate/1:1). The reaction mixture was transferred to a 250 mL separatory funnel, neutralized with 50 mL of 0.1 M aq. solution of NaHCO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified on a silica gel column (column: 25 g, gradient: 10% -50% hexanes:ethyl acetate 3 CV, then 50% ethyl acetate 5 CV). The target compound 161 was obtained as yellow foam (0.23 g, 74% yield). The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 62.

Example 69 Synthesis of Compound 162

A 100 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 161 (0.18 g, 0.20 mmol), dissolved in 7.0 mL dry THF and placed on an ice-bath under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 10 min to bring it to 0° C. and 0.28 mL Acetic acid were added. TBAF (1 M in THF, 0.47 mL, 0.47 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe over 1 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at 0° C. and then 1 h at rt. TLC (hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1) still showed starting material. Additional TBAF (1 M in THF, 0.47 mL, 0.47 mmol) was added dropwise via syringe over 1 min and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Next, the mixture was quenched with 2 mL methanol and stirred for 10 min at rt. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and the crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (column: 10 g, hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1 to 100% over 2 CV, then 100% Ethyl acetate over 20 CV to yield compound 162 as a white foam (96 mg, 62%), The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 62.

Example 70 Synthesis of Compound 163

Compound 163 was obtained after phosphorylation of compound 162 using the standard triphosphate synthesis method vide infra; except in the de-protection step AMA or methanolic ammonia were used instead of ammonium hydroxide. It was further converted to the dye labeled product 78 according to the standard procedure below. Compound 78 was obtained in 97% yield from compound 165. HRMS-ES⁻ calculated C₆₇H₉₆N₉O₂₇P₃S₆ (M−H) 1743.395, found 1743.390. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 62.

Example 71 Synthesis of Compound 169

A 100 mL round bottom flask was charged with compound 167 (3.120 g, 5.66 mmol), 30.0 mL dry CH₂Cl₂, 3-Å molecular sieves (5.0 g) and cyclohexanesene (0.70 mL, 6.9 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction flask was then placed on an ice-bath. To this, SO₂Cl₂ (8.5 mL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 1.5 equiv) was added slowly via a syringe, and stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. Next, an additional 4.0 mL of 1 M SO₂Cl₂ was added and stirred for 40 minutes to ensure complete conversion to compound 168. The volatiles were removed under vacuum while keeping the temperature close to 10° C. The resulting solid was re-suspended in 20 mL of dry DMF and kept under a nitrogen atmosphere.

In a separate flask, (2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methanethiol (3.028 g, 14.15 mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (40 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, and treated with NaH (566 mg, 60% in oil 14.15 mM) producing a grey slurry. To this, compound 168 solution was added at once and stirred at room temperature for 2,5 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite®-S (20 g) with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The ethyl acetate solution was then washed with distilled water (3×200 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and purified by flash chromatography on 120 g RediSepRfGold, gradient: hexanes:ethyl acetate (7:3 to 3:7). The target compound (169) was obtained as white solid (1.43 g, 35.5% yield, R_(f): 0.5, hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1), ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.98 (m, 1H), 6.09 (m, 1H), 6.00 (m, 2H), 4.67-4.51 (m, 2H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 3.80-3-60 (m, 11H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 0.80 (m, 9H) and 0.01 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 64.

Example 72 Synthesis of Compound 170

Compound 169 (1.43 g 1.99 mmol) was dried under high vacuum over P₂O₅ for 12 h and dissolved in of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) in a flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and a nitrogen gas source. To this was added dimethyldisulfide (0.89 mL, 9.88 mmol), and the reaction flask was stirred on an ice-bath. Dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DMTSF, 430 mg, 2.19 mmol) was then added and stirred for 1.0 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was transferred to a 500 mL separatory funnel and quenched with 100 mL of 50 mM aq. solution of NaHCO₃, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×150 mL). The organic portion was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified on a silica gel column (80 g RediSepRf gold) using hexanes-ethyl acetate (8:2 to 3:7) gradient to result in 0.622 gm of compound 170 (54% yield, R_(F)=0.6, hexanes:ethyl acetate/1:1). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ_(H) 7.99 (brs, 1H, NH), 7.98 (s, 1H), 6.12 (m, 1H), 4.69 (m, 2H), 4.35 (m, 1H), 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 0.78 (m, 9H), and 0.10 (m, 6H) ppm. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 64.

Example 73 Synthesis of Compound 171

A 100 mL round bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with compound 170 (0.623 g, 1.06 mmol, vacuum dried over P₂O₅ for 12 h) and anhydrous THF (20.0 mL) and placed on an ice-bath under a nitrogen atmosphere, TBAF (1.27 mL, 1 M solution in THF, 1.27 mmols) was added slowly via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C., and an additional 0.9 mL of 1 M TBAF soln. in THF was added and stirred a total of 4 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was then transferred to a separatory funnel and quenched with 0.5 M NaHCO₃ solution (50 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. The product 171 was obtained as a white powder after silica gel column chromatography in 63% yield (311 mg) on a 80 g RediSepRf column using gradient 7:3 to 3:7 ethyl acetate in hexanes. ¹H NMR (methanol-d_(x)): δ_(H) 8.16 (s, 1H), 6.06 (m, 1H), 4.79 (m, 2H), 4.69 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.63 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 1H), and 2.08 (m, 1H) ppm, LRMS-ES−: M−H observed m/z 468.0 Da. The synthesis is illustrated in FIG. 64.

Example 74 Synthesis of Compound 172

The product 172 was obtained in 58% yield after phosphorylation of compound 171 using via standard triphosphate synthesis method. LRMS calculated C₁₄H₂₁N₃O₁₄P₃S₊(M−H), 611.97, found 612.15. Compound 171 was further elaborated to the dye labeled product (74) according to standard procedure described in standard method section vide infra (FIG. 65). Compound 174 was obtained in 74% yield in two steps (HRMS-ES⁺calculated C₃₂H₅₅N₅O₂₁P₃S₄ ⁻ (M−H) 1066.15, found 1066.42. Compound 74 was obtained in 62% yield (HRMS-ES⁺calculated C₅₉H₈₀N₇O₂₅P₃S₄ ⁺(M−H), 1507.330, found 1507.325.

Example 75 Standard Method for Triphosphate Synthesis

Nucleoside (160 μmol) and proton sponge (1.5 equiv) pre-dried under high vacuum over P₂O₅, were dissolved in trimethylphosphate (0.8 mL) in a 25 mL pear-shaped flask under N₂-atmosphere and stirred for 20 minutes until all solids were completely dissolved. The flask was then placed on an ice-water bath to bring the reaction to (−5 to 0° C.). Then, POCl₃ (1.5 eq.) was added in one portion via syringe and the reaction stirred for 1 h.

A mixture of n-butylammonium-pyrophosphate (0.36 g), n-Bu₃N (0.36 mL) and anhydrous DMF (1.3 mL) was prepared in a 15 mL conical tube producing a thick slurry. Once completely dissolved, it was rapidly added at once to the vigorously stirring mixture and stirred for 15 mins at room temperature.

The reaction mixture was then poured into 100 mL of 0.1 M TEAB buffer in a 250 mL round bottom flask and stirred for 3 h at room temperature. It was then concentrated down to 25 mL in vacuo and treated with 25 mL of ammonium hydroxide (28-30% NH₃ content) for 8 h at room temperature. After removing most of the volatiles under reduced pressure, the reaction crude was resuspended in 0.1M TEAB buffer (30 mL) and purified by C18 preparative-HPLC (30×250 mm, C18 Sunfire column, method: 0 to 2 min 100% A, followed by 50% B over 70 mins, flow 25 mL/min; A=50 mM TEAB, B=ACN). The target fractions were lyophilized, and combined after dissolving in HPLC grade water (20 mL). This semi-pure product was farther purified by ion exchange HPLC on PL-SAX Prep column (method: 0 to 5 min 100% A, then linear gradient up to 70% B over 70 min, where A=15% acetonitrile in water, B=0.85 M TEAB buffer in 15% acetonitrile). Final purification was carried out by C18 Prep HPLC as described above. The nucleoside triphosphates were obtained in 20-65% yield following lyophilization.

Example 76 Standard Method for Converting of 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTP to 3′-(OCH₂SSMe)-dNTP Using DMTSF

A 50 mL conical tube was charged with 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTP (3.80 mL of 5.25 mMolar soln. in HPLC grade water, 20 μmols) and pH=4.65 acetate buffer (5.20 mL), and quickly combined with 9.0 mL of DMTSF (80 mMolar soln. in pH=4.65 acetate buffer). The resulting mixture was shaken at room temperature for 2 h and the reaction was quenched by 2.0 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ solution, and immediately purified by prep-HPLC on 30×250 mm C18 Sunfire column, method: 0 to 2.0 min 100% A, followed by linear gradient up to 50% B over 70 min, flow: 25 mL/min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=acetonitrile. The target fractions were lyophilized and combined after dissolving in HPLC grade water to result in 50-75% yield of 3′-(OCH₂SSMe)-dNTP depending on nucleotide. Structural examples of 3′-OCH₂S-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methane-dNTPs are illustrated in FIG. 66.

Example 77 Standard Method for Conjugation of NHS Activated Linker

MeSSdNTP-PA (10 ummol) dissolved in HPLC grade water (2 mL) was diluted with freshly prepared 0.5 M aqueous soln. of Na₂HPO₄ (1 mL). In a conical tube, the NHS-activated linker (NHS-A-Fmoc, 114, 35 mg, 2.5 eq.) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (2.0 mL). It was then added to the MeSSdNTP-PA/Na₂HPO₄ solution at once and stirred for 8 h at room temperature.

The reaction was then diluted with 0.1 M TEAB buffer (2.0 mL) and treated with piperidine (0.6 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, diluted further with 0.1 M TEAB (10 mL) and quickly purified by prep HPLC on 30×250 mm C18 Sunfire column, method: 0 to 2.0 min 100% A, followed by linear gradient up to 50% B over 70 min, flow rate: 25 mL/min, A=50 mM TEAB, B=acetonitrile. The target fractions were lyophilized and combined after dissolving in HPLC grade water resulting in 45-75% yield of MeSSdNTF-A-NH₂.

Example 78 Standard Method for Labeling with NHS Dye

MeSSdNTP-A-NH₂ (4.55 μmol) in 2.0 ml of HPLC grade water was diluted with Na₂HPO₄ (0.8 mL of 0.5 Molar aqueous soln.) in a 15 mL conical tube, and combined with NHS-activated dye (2.5 eq.) in 1.4 mL of anhydrous DMF. The reaction mixture was stirred for 8 h at room temperature, diluted with 0.1 M TEAS buffer (40 mL) and purified by prep-HPLC on 30×250 mm C18 Sunfire column, method: 0 to 5 min 100% A, followed by linear gradient up to 50% B over 70 mins, flow rate 25 mL/min). The target fractions were lyophilized and combined after dissolving in HPLC grade water to result in 50-80% yield of labeled product.

Example 79 Attachment of Cleavable Linkers and Markers to Nucleobases

One of the preferred moieties used to attach cleavable linkers is propargyl based or allyl based. Other means of attaching cleavable linkers and dyes are also contemplated. In particular, attachments to the base moiety that result with little or no residual linker after dye cleavage are particularly preferred. Attachments to the base that result with residual linkers after cleavage that do not carry charge are also preferred. These features are important to ensure that the nucleotides are incorporated in the efficient manner by the enzyme into growing strand of nucleic acid after the cleavage of the label/dye. One particular embodiment contemplated by the present invention comprises the use of hydroxymethyl modified base moieties to attach cleavable dyes. Examples of such compounds are shown in FIG. 71. FIG. 72 shows the structures of hydroxymethyl derivatives after cleavage of the dye and the 3′-O protective group.

Example 80 Cleavage of Cleavable Linkers and 3′-O Protective Groups

A variety of cleaving agents can be used to cleave the linkers and protective groups of the present invention. For example, a variety of thiol carrying compounds can be used as described in (“Thiol-Disulfide Interchange”, Singh, R., and Whitesides, G. M., Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups; Supplement S, Patai, S., Eds., J. Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 1993. p633-658,) [15]. In particular compounds with reduced thiol groups pKas can be used to achieve fats and efficient cleavage yields, for example dithiobutylamine, DTBA (Lukesh et. al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134 (9), pp 4057-4059 [16]). Examples of thiol bearing compounds that can be used to perform cleavage of the current invention are shown in FIG. 73A-I.

Another class of compounds that are suitable for cleaving the dithio terminating groups and linkers of the present invention are phosphines (Harpp et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968 90 (15) 4181-4182 [12], Burns et al, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 2648-2650 [13], Getz et al, Analytical Biochemistry 273, 73-80 (1999) [14]). Examples of phosphines useful to cleave dithio based protective groups and linkers of the present invention include: triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine, tris-hydroxymethyl-phosphine (THMP), tris-hydroxypropyl-phosphine (THPP), tris-carboethoxy-phosphine (TCEP). In certain cases it may be desired to be able to selectively cleave either the linker or the 3′-protective group selectively. This can be achieved by designing protective group and linker as well as selection of cleavage reagents. For example, a combination of 3′-azidomethyl ether protecting group and disulfide linker bearing nucleotide can be used for this purpose. In this case, selective cleavage of the disulfide bridge can be accomplished by using thiol based cleaving reagent and removal of 3′-azidomethyl ether protecting groups can be achieved by using phosphine such as TCEP. Example of such procedure is illustrated in FIG. 74A-C, FIG. 75A-C, and FIG. 76. FIG. 74A-C shows schemes of chemical reactions taking place and structures of the compounds formed; FIG. 75A-C shows HPLC chromatograms collected at each stage and FIG. 76 absorption spectra extracted from each peak. Step A) Labeled, 3′-O-protected nucleotide shows one peak (1) and absorption at both nucleotide (280 nm; note the max for the propargyl cpds is shifted towards 280-290 nm) and the dye (575 nm). Step B) Treatment with DTT produces peak 2 with absorption peak of the dye (575 nm) and migrating slower (more hydrophobic) and peak 3 with (278 nm) absorption and faster migration due to more hydrophilic character. Step C) Additional treatment with TCEP produces peak 4 with absorption max at 278 and without the dye at even lower retention time consistent with the loss of the 3′-OH protective group. The cleaved dye splits into additional peak (5, 6) but both peaks have identical absorption.

Another example of cleavage is shown in FIG. 77 and FIG. 78A-B. FIG. 77 shows scheme for cleavage reaction using nucleotide carrying dithio based protective group on the 3′ end and dithio based linker. As this figure shows the cleavage reaction could be performed as one step or 2 step process. FIG. 78A-B shows results of cleavage experiments performed using variety of cleavage agents: dithiosuccinic acid, L-cysteine, DTT and cysteamine. FIG. 78(A) shows RP-HPLC chromatograms generated for starting material and reaction mixtures after incubation with cleavage agents dithiosuccinic acid, L-cysteine, DTT and cysteamine. FIG. 78(B) shows identified compositions of reaction mixtures indicating full cleavage of both linker and the 3′-protective groups in case of L-cysteine, DTT and cysteamine, and selective cleavage of 3′-O-protective group In case of dithiosuccinic acid. This indicates that selectivity can be achieved by choosing structures of linker, protecting group and the nature of cleaving agent (i.e., with varying pKa of the SH groups and degree of steric hindrance). In addition to these a variety of suitable cleaving agents can be used such as Bis(2-mercaptoethyl)sulfone (BMS) and N,N′-dimethyl-N,N-bis(mercaptoacetyl)hydrazine (DMH) (Singh et al., Bioorg. Chem., 22, 109-115 (1994) [17]. Reactions can be further catalyzed by inclusion of selenols (Singh et al. Anal Biochem. 1995 Nov. 20; 232(1):86-91 [18]). Borohydrides, such as sodium borohydrides can also be used for this purpose (Stahl et al., Anal. Chem., 1957, 29 (1), pp 154-155 [19]) as well as ascorbic acid (Nardai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276, 8825-8828 (2001) [20]). In addition, enzymatic methods for cleavage of disulfide bonds are also well known such as disulfide and thioreductase and can be used with compounds of the present invention (Holmgren et al., Methods in Enzymology, Volume 252, 1995, Pages 199-208 [21]).

Example 81 Scavengers

Accordingly to the cleave agent used one skilled in the art needs to choose a scavenger agent which will remove excess of cleave agent after cleavage reaction is completed. For example, for thiol bearing cleave agents, a scavenger capable of reacting with free SH group can be used. For example, alkylating agents such as iodoacetamide or maleimide derivatives can be used (U.S. Pat. No. 8,623,598 [47], herein incorporated by reference). For borohydrides, one skilled in the art could use ketone bearing compounds, for example levulinic acid or similar compound. Finally, one could also use oxidizing reagent to oxidixe excess cleave agent to non-reactive species, for example periodate (Molecules 2007, 12(3), 694-702 [48]).

Example 82

Labeled nucleotides of the present invention require several steps of synthesis and involve linking variety of dyes to different bases. It is desirable to be able to perform linker and dye attachment in a modular fashion rather than step by step process. The modular approach involves pre-building of the linker moiety with protecting group on one end and activated group on the other. Such pre-built linker can then be used to couple to propargylamine nucleotide, deprotect the masked amine group and then couple the activated dye. This has the advantage of fewer steps and higher yield, as compare to step-by-step synthesis. For example, Compound 32 in FIG. 13 is an example of preactivated linker comprising cleavable functionality, with activated eactive group (disuccinimidyl carbonate) and masked/protected amine (Fmoc). After coupling to free amine on propargylaamine nucleotide the protective group can be conventiently removed for example by treatment with base (aq. Ammonia, piperidine) and can be coupled to activated (NHS) dye molecule.

Example 83

Linkers of the present invention were tested to measure their hydrophobicity. The logP value of a compound, which is the logarithm of its partition coefficient between n-octanol and water log(c_(octanol)/c_(water)) is a well-established measure of the compound's hydrophilicity (or lack thereof) [49]. Low hydrophilicities and therefore high logP values cause poor absorption or permeation. In this case, the logP value was calculated using predicitive software, the table below shows the results, indicating that the linkers (such as those in FIG. 25) are hydrophobic linkers, while some commercially used linkers are hydrophilic.

LogP Molecular Marvin- Linker Formula Osiris* ChemDraw Molinsp. ** Sketch Legacy C8H16N2O2S2 0.60 0.49 −0.14 −0.76 New C22H43N3O8S2 2.57 2.09 1.30 0.71 ILMN C43H74N6O18 −1.80 −1.80 −2.37 −1.30 PEG11 ILMN C63H114N6O28 −2.74 −3.60 −4.34 −1.77 PEG23

Although the invention has been described with reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results. Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents. The entire disclosures of all applications, patents, and publications cited above, and of the corresponding application are hereby incorporated by reference.

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1-10. (canceled)
 11. A method of preparing a triphosphate of 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside, comprising: a) providing a 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside; and b) treating said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside under conditions so as to create a triphosphate of 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said conditions comprises exposing said 3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside to (MeO)₃PO with POCl₃ and Bu₃N.
 13. The method according to claim 11, wherein said method further comprises step c) removal of said nucleobase protecting group.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein said protecting group comprises a N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl protecting group.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein said N-trifluoroacetyl-aminopropargyl protecting group is removed by solvolysis to produce a 5′-O-(triphosphate)-3′-O-(R-substituted-dithiomethyl)-5-(aminopropargyl)-2′-deoxynucleoside. 16-21. (canceled) 